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ABSTRACT
This review covers current analytical techniques, instruments, and methodologies used in the analysis of fluoride in various matrices. Our comprehensive literature search showed that there is no recently published review article about analytical methodologies for fluoride. In this review, we explore chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical innovations appearing in the recent literature.
Abbreviations
| AAS | = | atomic absorption spectrometry |
| ALC | = | La(III) and alizarin complexone |
| AuNP | = | gold nanoparticle |
| BGE | = | butyl glycidyl ether |
| CBS | = | citrate buffer solution |
| CDTA | = | 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid |
| CE | = | capillary electrophoresis |
| CRM | = | certified reference material |
| CS-AAS | = | continuum source-atomic absorption spectrometry |
| CTAB | = | cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide |
| CZE | = | capillary zone electrophoresis |
| D4R | = | double-4-ring |
| DCPD | = | dicalcium phosphate dehydrate |
| DME | = | dropping mercury electrode |
| DPP | = | diketopyrrolopyrrole |
| DTPA | = | diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid |
| EDTA | = | ethylenediamine-N, N, N′,N′-tetraacetic acid |
| EET | = | electronic energy transfer |
| FIA | = | flow injection analysis |
| FID | = | flame ionization detector |
| F-ISE | = | fluoride-ion selective electrode |
| GC | = | gas chromatography |
| GCE | = | glassy carbon electrode |
| GD-FIA | = | gas diffusion-flow injection analysis |
| HAP | = | hydroxyapatite |
| HPLC | = | high-performance liquid chromato-graphy |
| HR-CS | = | AAS high-resolution-continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry |
| HR-CS-ETV-MAS | = | high-resolution-continuum source-molecular absorption spectrometry with electrothermal vaporization |
| HR-CS-FAAS | = | high resolution-continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry |
| HR-CS-GF-MAS | = | high-resolution-continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace |
| HR-CS-MAS | = | high-resolution-continuum source-molecular absorption spectrometry |
| HR-ICPMS | = | high-resolution-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
| HS-SDME | = | headspace-single-drop microextraction |
| IC | = | ion chromatography |
| ICP-AES | = | inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy |
| ICP-OES | = | inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry |
| ICT | = | intramolecular charge transfer |
| INAA | = | instrumental neutron activation analysis |
| ISE | = | ion-selective electrode |
| ISFET | = | ion selective field effect transistor |
| L | = | ligand |
| LC | = | liquid chromatography |
| LOD | = | limit of detection |
| LOQ | = | limit of quantification |
| M | = | molarity |
| MAS | = | molecular absorption spectrometry |
| MFP | = | sodium monofluorophosphate |
| MIC | = | microwave-induced combustion |
| MS | = | mass spectrometry |
| MS/MS | = | tandem mass spectrometry |
| NAA | = | neutron activation analysis |
| n-DCPD/GCE | = | new-dicalcium phosphate dehydrate/glassy carbon electrode |
| n-HAP/GCE | = | new-hydroxyapatite/glassy carbon electrode |
| NM | = | not mentioned |
| NMR | = | nuclear magnetic resonance |
| OES | = | optical emission spectrometry |
| PVC | = | polyvinyl chloride |
| RBC | = | rotating biological contactor |
| RP-HPLC | = | reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography |
| RSD | = | relative standard deviation |
| SIA | = | sequential injection analysis |
| TBF | = | tungsten boat furnace |
| TISAB | = | total ionic strength adjustment buffer |
| TMAH | = | tetra methyl ammonium hydroxide |
| TMFS | = | trimethylfluorsilane |
| TTHA | = | triethylenetetramine-N,N,N′,N″,N″′,N″′-hexaacetic acid |
| TXRF | = | total reflection X-ray fluorescence |
| UV-Vis | = | ultraviolet-visible |