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ABSTRACT
Graphene is a new carbon-based material that is of interest in separation science. Graphene has extraordinary properties including nano size, high surface area, thermal and chemical stability, and excellent adsorption affinity to pollutants. Its adsorption mechanisms are through non-covalent interactions (π-π stacking, electrostatic interactions, and H-bonding) for organic compounds and covalent interactions for metal ions. These properties have led to graphene-based material becoming a desirable adsorbent in a popular sample preparation technique known as solid phase extraction (SPE). Numerous studies have been published on graphene applications in recent years, but few review papers have focused on its applications in analytical chemistry. This article focuses on recent preconcentration of trace elements, organic compounds, and biological species using SPE-based graphene, graphene oxide, and their modified forms. Solid phase microextraction and micro SPE (µSPE) methods based on graphene are discussed.
Abbreviations
| CNT | = | carbon nanotube |
| DSPE | = | dispersive solid phase extraction |
| EF | = | enrichment factor |
| FAAS | = | flame atomic absorption spectroscopy |
| GC | = | gas chromatography |
| GC-FID | = | GC with flame ionization detector |
| GC-MS | = | GC with mass spectrometry detector |
| GO | = | graphene oxide |
| HPLC | = | high-performance liquid chromatography |
| ICP-MS | = | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
| LOD | = | limit of detection |
| MNP | = | magnetic nanoparticle |
| MRL | = | maximum residual level |
| MSPE | = | magnetic solid phase extraction |
| MWCNT | = | multiwall carbon nanotube |
| µSPE | = | micro solid phase extraction |
| PAH | = | polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon |
| SPE | = | solid phase extraction |
| SPME | = | solid phase microextraction |
| VOC | = | volatile organic compound |