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ABSTRACT
The analysis of drugs in various biological fluids is an important criterion for the determination of the physiological performance of a drug. After sampling of the biological fluid, the next step in the analytical process is sample preparation. Sample preparation is essential for isolation of desired components from complex biological matrices and greatly influences their reliable and accurate determination. The complexity of biological fluids adds to the challenge of direct determination of the drug by chromatographic analysis, therefore demanding a sample preparation step that is often time consuming, tedious and frequently overlooked. However, direct online injection methods offer the advantage of reducing sample preparation steps and enabling effective pre-concentration and clean-up of biological fluids. These procedures can be automated and therefore reduce the requirements for handling potentially infectious biomaterial, improve reproducibility, and minimize sample manipulations and potential contamination.
This review is focused on the discovery and development of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) with different detectors. The drugs covered in this review are antiepileptics, antidepressant (AD), and quinolones. The application of these methods for determination of these drugs in biological, environmental and pharmaceutical samples has also been discussed.
Abbreviations
| TDM | = | Therapeutic Drug Monitoring |
| UPLC | = | Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography |
| HPLC | = | High Performance Liquid Chromatography |
| TLC | = | Thin Layer Chromatography |
| GC | = | Gas Chromatography |
| NMR | = | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
| IR | = | Infra Red |
| AAS | = | Atomic Absorptive Spectroscopy |
| UV-Visible | = | Ultraviolet-Visible |
| CZE | = | Capillary Zone Electrophoresis |
| MEKC | = | Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography |
| RI | = | Refractive Index |
| Ads | = | Antidepressants |
| LLE | = | Liquid Liquid Extraction |
| SPE | = | Solid Phase Extraction |
| SPME | = | Solid Phase Microextraction |
| SBSE | = | Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction |
| DAD | = | Diode Array Detector |
| CGC | = | Capillary Gas Chromatography |
| PDA | = | Photo Diode Array |
| ESI | = | Electro Spray Ionisation |
| ELSD | = | Evaporative Light Scattering Detector |
| AED | = | Antiepileptic Drugs |
| MIP | = | Molecularly Imprinted Polymers |
| UA-DLLME | = | Ultrasound Assisted Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction |
| PLE | = | Pressurized Liquid Chromatography |
| SFE | = | Supercritical Extraction |
| MSPD | = | Matrix Solid Phase Dispesion |
| SRSE | = | Stir Rod Sorptive Extraction |
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for providing the financial support.