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ABSTRACT
Naphthalene sulfonates are highly water-soluble compounds, indicating a high mobility in aquatic systems along with high temperature stability, which are important substances in the chemical industry. This review covers analytical methods, instruments and techniques used for the pre-concentration and analysis of naphthalene sulfonates in different matrices.
All analytical steps including the extraction from real samples, their detection by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques, as well as methods of identification of this class of compounds are described in detail. The methods normally employed for the extraction and pre-concentration of these compounds is solid-phase extraction (including molecularly imprinted polymers and anion-exchange), while their quantification are performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and spectrophotometric techniques. In this review, in addition to chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods, electrochemical innovations appearing in the literature will be also explored.
Abbreviations
| ANS | = | 1-Anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate |
| A-1,5-NDS | = | Anthraquinone-1,5-disulfonic acid |
| 1,3-BDS | = | Benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid |
| 4-CH3-BS | = | 4-Methylbenzene sulfonate |
| 4-Cl-BS | = | 4-Chlorobenzene sulfonate |
| 2-Cl-5-NO2-BS | = | 2-Chloro-5-nitro benzene sulfonic acid |
| CZE | = | Capillary zone electrophoresis |
| 4,5-D-OH-2,7-NDS | = | 4,5-Dihydroxy naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate |
| EC | = | Effective concentration |
| FD | = | Fluorescence detection |
| GC–MS | = | Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry |
| HPLC | = | High-performance liquid chromatography |
| ICP-OES | = | Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry |
| Ion-pair SPE | = | Ion-pair solid-phase extraction |
| IPC–ESI-MS | = | Ion-pair chromatography–electrospray-mass spectrometry |
| LC–MS | = | Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry |
| LD | = | Lethal dose |
| LOD | = | Limits of detection |
| MIP | = | Molecularly imprinted polymers |
| 1,5-NDS | = | Naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate |
| 2,6-NDS | = | 2,6-Naphthalene disulfonate |
| 1,6-NDS | = | Naphthalene-1,6-disulfonate |
| 2,7-NDS | = | 2,7-Naphthalene disulfonate |
| 1,5-NDS-2-NH2 | = | 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenesulfonate |
| 3,6-NDS-1-OH | = | 1-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid |
| 3,6-NDS-2-OH | = | 2-Naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid |
| 1-NH2-4-Br-2-AS | = | 1-amino-4-bromo-2-anthraquinone- sulfonate |
| 2-NH2-BS | = | 2-Amino benzene sulfonate |
| 3-NH2-BS | = | 3-Amino benzene sulfonate |
| 3-NH2-BS | = | 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid |
| 4-NH2-BS | = | 4-Amino benzene sulfonate |
| 2-NH2-5-Cl-BS | = | 2-Amino-5-chloro benzene |
| 2-NH2-1,5-NDS | = | 2-Amino-1,5- naphthalene disulfonate |
| 3-NH2-2,7-NDS | = | 3-Amino-2,7- naphthalene disulfonate |
| 7-NH2-1,3-NDS | = | 7-Amino-1,3- naphthalene disulfonate |
| 2-NH2-1, 5-NDS | = | 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalene disulfonate |
| 2- NH2-4,8-NDS | = | 2-Amino naphthalene-4,8-disulfonate |
| 3-NH2-2,7-NDS | = | 3-Amino naphthalene 2,7-disulfonate |
| 7-NH2-1,3-NDS | = | 7-Aminonaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic |
| 7-NH2-1,3,5-NDS | = | 7-Amino-1,3,5-trisulfonic acids |
| 2-NH2-5-NO2-BS | = | 2-Amino-5-nitro benzene sulfonate |
| 2-NH2-5-NO2-4-CH3-BS | = | 2-Amino-5-chloro-4-methyl benzene sulfonate |
| 1-NH2-6-NS | = | 1-Amino-6-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 2-NH2-1-NS | = | 2-Amino naphthalene sulfonate |
| 4-NH2-1-NS | = | 4-Amino-1-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 5-NH2-2-NS | = | 5-Amino-2-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 5-NH2-1-NS | = | 5-Amino-1-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 5-NH2-2-NS | = | 5-Amino-2-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 8-NH2-2-NS | = | 8-Amino-2-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 5-NH2-4-OH-BS | = | 5-Amino-4-hydroxy benzene sulfonate |
| 4-NH2-5-OH-2,7-NDS | = | 4-Amino-5-hydroxy naphthalene-2,7-disulfonate |
| 8-NH2-1-OH-3,6-NDS | = | 8- Amino - 1-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid |
| 4-NH2-3-OH-1-NS | = | 4-Amino-3-hydroxy naphthalene-1-disulfonate |
| 6-NH2-4-OH-2-NS | = | 6-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 6-NH2-1-OH-4-NS | = | 6-Amino-1-hydroxy naphthalene-4-sulfonate |
| 7-NH2-4-OH-2-NS | = | 7-Amino-4-hydroxy-2- naphthalene sulfonate |
| NM | = | Not mentioned |
| 3-NO2-BS | = | 3-Nitrobenzene sulfonate |
| 1-NS | = | 1- Naphthalene sulfonic acid |
| 2-NS | = | 2-Naphthalene sulfonate |
| 1-NS-2-NH2 | = | 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate |
| 1-NS-4-OH | = | 4-Naphthol-1-sulfonic acid |
| NSs | = | Naphthalene sulfonates |
| 1,3,5-NTS | = | Naphthalene-1,3,5-trisulfonic acid |
| 1,3,6-NTS | = | Naphthalene-l,3,6-trisulfonate |
| 1,3,7-NTS | = | Naphthalene-1,3,7-trisulfonic acid |
| 4-OH-BS | = | 4-Hydroxy benzene sulfonate |
| 2-OH-3,6-NDS | = | 2-Hydroxynaphthalene-3, 6-disulfonic acid |
| 2-OH-6,8-NDS | = | 2-Hydroxy naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate |
| 4-OH-2,7-NDS | = | 4-hydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid |
| 8-OH-3,6-NDS | = | Amino-8-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid |
| 1-OH-6-NH2-3-NS | = | 1-Hydroxy-6-amino-3-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 1-OH-2-NS | = | 1-Hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonate |
| 1-OH-4-NS | = | 1-Hydroxy-4-naphthalene sulfonate |
| PS-DVB | = | Polystyrene-divinylbenzene |
| SNFC | = | Naphthalene sulfonates and their formaldehyde condensates |
| SNFCn | = | Sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates |
| 4-TNS | = | 4-Toluene sulfonic acid |
| TRLFD | = | Time resolved laser fluorimetric detector |
| TS | = | Toluenesulfonic acid |
| RP | = | Reversed-phase |
| RSDs | = | Relative standard deviations |
| UV–Vis | = | Ultraviolet–visible |
| XSA | = | Xylene sulfonic acid |