Cannabinoids: Recent Updates on Public Perception, Adverse Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Pretreatment Methods and Their Analysis Methods

Abstract

Cannabinoids (CBDs) have been traditionally used as a folk medicine. Recently, they have been found to exhibit a high pharmacological potential. However, they are addicted and are often abused by drug users, thereby, becoming a threat to public safety. CBDs and their metabolites are usually found in trace levels in plants or in biological matrices and, are therefore not easy to be detected. Advances have been made toward accurately analyzing CBDs in plants or in biological matrices. This review aims at elucidating on the consumption of CBDs as well as its adverse effects and to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD pretreatment and detection methods. Moreover, novel pretreatment methods such as microextraction, Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe and online technology as well as novel analytic methods such as ion-mobility mass spectrometry, application of high resolution mass spectrometry in nontarget screening are summarized. In addition, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospect.

Keywords:

• Adverse reaction
• analytical methods
• cannabinoids
• pharmacokinetics
• pretreatment methods

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Scientific Research Project of Department of Education of Liaoning Province (No. ZF2019036); Key Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (No. 20170541027) and Liaoning planning Program of philosophy and social science (No. L17BGL034).