Nanoplatform-Integrated Miniaturized Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques: A Critical Review

Abstract

Preparation of the biological samples is one of the most critical steps in sample analysis. In past decades, the liquid–liquid extraction technique has been used to extract the desired analytes from complex biological matrices. However, solid-phase extraction (SPE) gained popularity due to versatility, simplicity, selectivity, reproducibility, high sample recovery %, solvent economy, and time-saving nature. The superior extraction efficiency of SPE can be attributed to the development of advanced techniques, including the nanosorbents technology. The nanosorbent technology significantly simplified the sample preparation, improved the selectivity, diversified the application, and accelerated the sample analysis. This review critically expands on the to-date advancements reported in SPE with particular regards to the nanosorbent technology.

Keywords:

• Carbon-based nanosorbents
• immunoaffinity magnetic solid-phase extraction
• magnetic nanosorbents
• molecularly imprinted polymers
• nanosorbents

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

The authors would also like to acknowledge the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, India, for supporting research at NIPER-Ahmedabad.