Gels as fat replacers in bakery products: a review

Abstract

Several strategies have been studied to replace or decrease fat content in bakery products aiming improving their nutritional profile. This paper reviewed the effect of different vehiculization systems (hydrogels, emulgels and oleogels) as fat replacers in different types of bakery goods, focusing on technological and nutritional properties of the reformulated products. The most commonly used fat source for replacement purposes were vegetable oils with high monounsaturated fatty acid content, such as olive oil and canola oil (44% of the revised papers used them), whereas high polyunsaturated fatty acid content oils were used in 34% of papers. Oleogelation was the most frequent used method of oil structuring, using waxes and fibers as stabilizers. Reductions of total fat between 19% and 46% and saturated fatty acid between 33% and 87% were achieved, enough to reach the minimum legal limit to state nutrition claims, under the EU legislation, on several products. Sensory evaluation results showed that partially replaced products (<75% replacement) were more appreciated by panelists than fully replaced ones. This review highlights the wide range of alternatives within gel-like fat replacers, that have potential to be applied in different bakery products and the challenge to produce nutritionally enhanced foods and technologically and sensory acceptable.

Keywords:

• Bakery
• emulsion
• fat replacer
• oleogel
• reformulation
• vegetable oil

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the PIUNA (Plan de Investigación de la Universidad de Navarra) and Proyecto Nutri+ (Gobierno de Navarra, Convocatoria proyectos estratégicos 2020) for the financial support. K. Gutiérrez-Luna is grateful to “Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra” for the grant received.