Self-Handicapping in Rock Climbing: A Qualitative Approach

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Notes

∗Intensity level of ≥4 on a 7-point Likert scale was considered as a representative estimate of context-specific handicapping (Carron et al., 1994; Hausenblas & Carron, 1996; Ryska, 2002).

∗∗C1 = French national championship; C2 = regional competition for adults; C3 = national competition for juniors or national school competition.

¹Success and failure criteria have been established by the national coach: success (coming first or at least gaining a place on the podium) and failure (not to be on the podium).