A multidimensional model of momentum in sports

Abstract

The goal of the present paper is to provide a theoretical formulation of momentum in sports that articulates the processes involved in the development of momentum. Momentum is presently defined as: a positive or negative change in cognition, physiology, affect, and behavior caused by a precipitating event or series of events that will result in a shift in performance. The present model proposes a series of changes, termed the “momentum chain”, that result in the development of momentum: (a) precipitating event or events, (b) change in cognition, affect, and physiology, (c) change in behavior, (d) the resulting increase or decrease in performance consistent with the above changes, (e) a contiguous and opposing change in the previous factors on the part of the opponent (for sports with head-to-head competition), and (f) a resultant change in the immediate outcome. A preliminary investigation of the first stage of the model examining the relationship between precipitating events and changes in competitive outcome provided initial support for the value of the model.