The exercise motivation scale: Its multifaceted structure and construct validity

Abstract

Building upon Deci and Ryan's (1985, 1991) self-determination theory as well as previous empirical work on motivation, this paper presents studies on the development and validation of a multifaceted 31-item Exercise Motivation Scale (EMS). Evidence for the factorial validity of the EMS was sought for eight facets of the exercise motivation construct (amotivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, integrated regulation, intrinsic motivation to learn, intrinsic motivation to accomplish tasks, and intrinsic motivation to experience sensations). Results from various analyses showed adequate evidence for the a priori hypothesized EMS factorial structure, acceptable subscale reliability estimates, and nomological validity. Findings provided initial empirical support for the applicability of self-determination theory in the context of exercise, and indicate the need for a multifaceted approach to the conceptualization of exercise motivation.