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Original Articles

Insights into the Chemical Biology of Selenium

Richard S. Glass Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Marla J. Berry Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA

Eric Block Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA

Harriet T. Boakye Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Bradley A. Carlson Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Jürgen Gailer Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Graham N. George Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Vadim N. Gladyshev Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Dolph L. Hatfield Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland

Neil E. Jacobsen Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Sherida Johnson Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA

Chethaka Kahakachchi Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Rafal Kamiński Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland

Shawn A. Manley Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Heiko Mix Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Ingrid J. Pickering Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Elmar J. Prenner Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Kazima Saira Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Aleksandra Skowrońska Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland

Julian F. Tyson Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Peter C. Uden Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Qiao Wu Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Xue-Ming Xu Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

Raghav Yamdagni Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Yan Zhang Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

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Abstract

The long-sought pathway by which selenocysteyl-tRNA^[Ser]Sec is synthesized in eukaryotes has been revealed. Seryl-tRNA^[Ser]Sec is O-phosphorylated and SecS, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent protein, catalyzes the reaction of O-phosphoseryl-tRNA^[Ser]Sec with monoselenophosphate to give selenocysteyl-tRNA^[Ser]Sec. ¹H-⁷⁷Se HMQC-TOCSY NMR spectroscopy has been developed to detect the selenium-containing amino acids present in selenized yeast after protease XIV digestion. An archived selenized yeast sample is found to contain the novel amino acid S-(methylseleno)cysteine in addition to selenomethionine. Arsenite and selenite react with GSH to form (GS)₂AsSe⁻. The structure of this compound has been determined by EXAFS, ⁷⁷Se NMR and Raman spectroscopic and chromatographic studies. Its formation under biological conditions has been demonstrated.

Acknowledgments

The support of this research by the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, is gratefully acknowledged.

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Insights into the Chemical Biology of Selenium

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