Black Nickel Coatings for Solar Collectors

Abstract

Abstract Black nickel alloy coatings suitable for solar collectors were produced by electrodeposition from baths containing Ni and Zn sulfates and thiocynate. Variables having the greatest influence on optical properties of the black deposits are: pH-value, temperature, zinc and thiocyanate concentration. Of particular importance is the plating current which is related to the cathode potential that controls the composition, and alternatively, the optical properties of the deposited coatings.

The mechanism of blackening of the Ni coatings was attributed to the deposition of sulfide particles with Ni-Zn alloy. It was shown that, in absence of thiocyanate, co-deposited Zn causes a degree of blackening to Ni coatings due to the deposition of Ni₃Zn₂₂ as identified by x-ray phase analysis. Considerable blackening can be achieved by sulfur, which is deposited as Ni₃S₂. In a modified composition it was possible to replace sulfur by phosphorous supplied to the coating by the addition of sodium hypophosphite to the plating solution.

The coatings were of optimum optical properties as far as maximum absorptance and minimum emittance. Absorptance values as high as 0.93 could be obtained for selective coatings (2-3 microns thick) deposited under optimized conditions. Performance tests for coated solar water heater panels showed that the coatings are well qualified. The endurance of the coatings was evaluated in actual service conditions with regard to thermal degradation and corrosion resistance.