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ABSTRACT
To draw a comprehensive and cohesive understanding of human–vehicle cooperation in automated driving, a review is made on key studies in human–robot interaction and human factors. Throughout this article, insight is provided into how human drivers and vehicle systems interplay and influence each other. The limitations of technology-centered taxonomies of automation are discussed and the benefits of accounting for human agents are examined. The contributions of machine learning to automated driving and how critical models in human-system cooperation can inform the design of a more symbiotic relationship between driver and vehicle are investigated. Challenges in the human element to enable the safe introduction of road automation are also discussed. Particularly, the unintended consequences of vehicle automation on driver’s workload, situation awareness and trust are examined, and the social interactions between driver, vehicle, and other road users are investigated. This review will help professionals shape future directions for safer and more efficient and effective human–vehicle cooperation.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Francesco Biondi
Francesco Biondi is an Assistant Professor at the University of Windsor. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Padova, Italy, in 2015. He worked at Jaguar Land Rover as HMI Engineer, and as Research Scientist at the University of Utah.
Ignacio Alvarez
Ignacio Alvarez is senior research scientist at the Autonomous Driving Research Lab in Intel Labs. Previously Ignacio worked for BMW in HMI & Telematics. He received his PhD in Computer Science from University of the Basque Country and Clemson University (USA) and B.S. in Communication Sciences from Burgos University (Spain).
Kyeong-Ah Jeong
Kyeong-Ah Jeong is senior human-factors engineer | user-experience researcher, Core & Visual Computing Group, Intel Corporation. Throughout her academic and industry careers, she focused on human-factors/usability engineering and human–computer interaction in software, automated driving, and smart home areas. She received her PhD in Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.