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Abstract
While the Common Core State Standards and state learning standards guide teachers in what mathematical content knowledge should be addressed as well as the processes and proficiencies necessary for developing mathematical competence, several student- and teacher-related factors may hinder student access to the general education curriculum for secondary students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Consequently, secondary students with emotional and behavioral disorders often fail to receive equitable, high-quality mathematics instruction that is age-appropriate. The authors identified the challenges associated with teaching mathematics to secondary students with emotional and behavioral disorders and provided practical suggestions, on the basis of the limited existing research base, to help special educators understand how to teach mathematics to secondary students with emotional and behavioral disorders.
Notes
1. On the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment, which assesses mathematics literacy through real-life problem-solving situations, 15-year-old American students were outperformed by peers in 24 other developed nations (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Citation2007). In 2009, the United States’ ranking among 15-year-olds dropped to 25th and remains below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Citation2011).
2. On the 2007 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study assessment, which assesses curricular-based mathematics knowledge and skills, U.S. eighth-grade students were outperformed by peers in five developed nations (Gonzalez et al., 2008).
3. In 2007, only 8% of eighth-grade students with disabilities achieved at or above a proficient level on the National Assessment of Educational Progress, while 67% scored below basic level. In 2011, 9% of students with disabilities scored at or above proficiency, while 65% scored below basic (National Center for Education Statistics, Citation2011).
6. e.g., STAR: http://www.renlearn.com; Iowa Tests of Basic Skills: http://www.riversidepublishing.com
8. e.g., National Library of Virtual Manipulatives: http://nlvm.usu.edu; MathTools: http://mathforum.org/mathtools; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics: http://www.nctm.org.