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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

An exploratory study of the efficacy of a Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment for hypochondriasis using different measures of change

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Pages 392-408 | Received 29 Jan 2004, Published online: 22 Feb 2007
 

Abstract

The authors analyzed the efficacy of a cognitive–behavioral treatment applied to 12 patients diagnosed as suffering from hypochondriasis. The therapeutic procedure used was an adaptation of the program developed by Salkovskis and Warwick (Salkovskis, Citation1989; Salkovskis & Warwick, Citation1986; Warwick, Citation1989; Warwick & Salkovskis, Citation1989 Citation1990). Several methods of assessment (statistical significance and clinical significance) were used to evaluate changes. As a group, the patients in the posttreatment phase showed significant improvement both statistically and clinically, and this was maintained at 2- and 6-month follow-up. Likewise, normalization of the scores was achieved in several of the measures. At an individual level and according to the Reliable Change Index (Jacobson & Truax, Citation1991), 75% of the patients showed noticeable improvements in hypochondriacal attitudes. Future lines of investigation in the evaluation of change in hypochondriacal preoccupations are suggested.

Zusammenfassung

Eine explorative Studie zum Erfolg einer kognitiv verhaltensmäßigen Behandlung für Hypochondrie unter Verwendung verschiedener Veränderungsmasse

Die Autoren haben die Effizienz einer kognitiv-verhaltensmäßigen Therapie bei zwölf Patienten, die an Hypochondrie litten, untersucht. Das therapeutische Vorgehen war eine Anpassung des Programms des von Salkovkis und Warwick entwickelten (Salkovskis, 1989; Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986; Warwick, 1989; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1989; 1990). Verschiedene Beurteilungstechniken unter Einbeziehung statistischer und klinischer Signifikanz wurden zur Beurteilung von Veränderungen verwendet. Als Gesamtgruppe gesehen, zeigten die Patienten in der Phase nach der Behandlung signifikante Verbesserungen sowohl von einem statistischen als auch von einem klinischen Gesichtspunkt und dies blieb auch während einer zwei- und sechswöchigen Katamnesephase stabil. Es wurde eine Normalisierung der Werte bei einigen Maßen erreicht. Bezogen auf ein individuelles Niveau und dem zuverlässigen Veränderungsindex (Jacobson & Truax, 1991) zeigten 75% der Patienten bemerkenswerte Veränderungen hinsichtlich ihrer hypochondrischen Einstellungen. Es werden zukünftige Perspektiven der Bewertung von Veränderungen bei hypochondrischen Störungen diskutiert.

Résumé

Une étude exploratoire de l'efficacité d'un traitement cognitivo-comportemental pour l'hypocondrie en appliquant différentes mesures de changement

Les auteurs ont analysé l'efficacité d'un traitement cognitivo-comportemental procuré à 12 patients souffrant d'hypocondrie. La procédure thérapeutique était une adaptation du programme développé par Salkovskis et Warwick (Salkovskis, 1989 ; Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986 ; Warwick, 1989 ; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1989, 1900). Plusieurs méthodes (signification statistique et clinique) étaient appliquées pour évaluer les changements. En tant que groupe les patients montraient, après la terminaison du traitement, une amélioration significative sur les plans statistique ainsi que clinique qui restait maintenue à la catamnèse de 2 et de 6 mois. Au niveau individuel et selon le Reliable Change Index (Jacobson & Truax, 1991), 75% des patients montraient des améliorations sensibles de leurs attitudes hypocondriaques. Des directions de recherches dans l'avenir pour l’évaluation du changement de préoccupations hypocondriaques sont suggérées.

Resumen

Estudio exploratorio de la eficacia de un trtamiento cognitivo-comportamental para la hipocondría utilizando diferentes mediciones del cambio

Las autoras analizan la eficacia de un tratamiento cognitivo-comportamental aplicado a doce pacientes diagnosticados de hipocondriasis. El procedimiento terapéutico usado fue una adaptación del programa desarrollado por Salkovskis y Warwick (Salkovskis, 1989; Salkovskis/Warwick, 1986; Warwick, 1989; Warwick/Salkovskis, 1989, 1990). Para evaluar los cambios se usaron varios métodos de evaluación (significancia estadística y significancia clínica). Como grupo, en la fase posterior al tratamiento los pacientes mostraron una mejoría significativa tanto estadística como clínica y esta se mantuvo a los dos y los seis meses de seguimiento. Asimismo, en varias mediciones se logró la normalización de los puntajes. En un nivel individual y de acuerdo con el ïndice de Cambio Confiable (Reliable Change Index, Jacobson/Truax, 1991), el 75% de los pacientes mostraron mejorías notables en las actitudes hipocondríacas. Se sugieren posteriores líneas de investigación en la evaluación del cambio de las preocupaciones hipocondríacas.

Resumo

Um Estudo Exploratório da Eficácia do Tratamento Cognitivo-Comportamental para Hipocondríacos usando diferentes Medidas de Avaliação da Mudança

Os autores analisaram a eficácia dum tratamento cognitivo-comportamental aplicado a 12 pacientes diagnosticados com perturbação hipocondríaca. Os procedimentos terapêuticos usados foram uma adaptação do programa desenvolvido por Salkovskis and Warwick (Salkovskis, 1989; Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986; Warwick, 1989; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1989, 1990). Foram usados vários métodos de avaliação (significância estatistica e significância clínica) para avaliar as mudanças. Como grupo, os pacientes na fase de pós-tratamento demonstraram melhorias significativas, tanto estatisticamente como clinicamente, e estas mantiveram-se no 2 e 6 mês de seguimento. Analogamente, foi alcançado a normalização dos resultados em várias medidas. Ao nível individual e de acordo com o Índice de Mudança Significativa (Jacobson & Truax, 1991), 75% dos pacientes revelaram melhorias consideráveis nas atitudes hipocondríacas. São sugeridas futuras linhas de investigação para a avaliação de mudanças nas preocupações hipocondríacas.

Sommario

Uno studio esplorativo sull'efficacia del trattamento cognitivo-comportamentale per l'ipocondria usando differenti misure di cambiamento

Gli autori hanno analizzato l'efficacia di un trattamento cognitivo-comportamentale applicato a 12 pazienti sofferenti di ipocondria. La procedura terapeutica seguita era un adattamento del programma sviluppato da Salkovskis e da Warwick (Salkovskis, 1989; Salkovskis & Warwick, 1986; Warwick, 1989; Warwick & Salkovskis, 1989, 1990). Numerosi metodi di valutazione (di significato statistica e di significato clinico) sono stati usati per valutare i cambiamenti. Come gruppo, i pazienti nella fase di post trattamento hanno mostrato sia statisticamente che clinicamente importanti miglioramenti e questo risultato è stato mantenuto nel follow-uo a 2 e 6 mesi. Ad un livello individuale e secondo il Reliable Change Index (Jacobson & Truax, 1991), il 75% dei pazienti ha mostrato notevoli miglioramenti negli atteggiamenti ipocondriaci. Sono suggerite le linee future di ricerca nella valutazione di cambiamento e nelle preoccupazioni ipocondriache.

Acknowledgments

This study has been carried out thanks to a research grant from the Conselleria de Cultura, Educació i Ciència of the Generalitat Valenciana (Spain).

Notes

1. This requirement was included because the current study was part of a broader research in which, among other objectives, was included the analysis of the differences and similarities between hypochondriasis and panic disorder. Because of this, we decided to purge to the maximum the composition of the groups, excluding the joint presence of both disorders.

2. At the time the study was carried out, the definitive Spanish version of the DSM–IV was not yet available. Even so, in a retrospective assessment of the sampling, it was shown that all of the patients met the DSM–IV criteria (APA, 1994) for hypochondriasis.

3. For the age variable, Student's t test for independent samples was used.

4. For the educational variable, the Mann-Whitney U test was used.

5. For the works that are cited in this epigraph (Avia et al., Citation1996; Bouman, Citation2002; Bouman & Visser, Citation1998; Clark et al., Citation1998; Pérez, Citation1992; Stern & Fernández, Citation1991; Visser & Bouman, Citation1992 Citation2001; Warwick et al., Citation1996), we have calculated the percentage of change (posttest score with reference to pretest score) from the data that were presented in the corresponding articles.

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