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Original Articles

Patient affect experiencing following therapist interventions in short-term dynamic psychotherapy

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Pages 208-219 | Received 08 Feb 2011, Accepted 19 Oct 2011, Published online: 20 Dec 2011
 

Abstract

The aim of this research was to examine the relationship between therapist interventions and patient affect responses in Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP). The Affect Experiencing subscale from the Achievement of Therapeutic Objectives Scale (ATOS) was adapted to measure individual immediate affect experiencing (I-AES) responses in relation to therapist interventions coded within the preceding speaking turn, using the Psychotherapy Interaction Coding (PIC) system. A hierarchical linear modelling procedure was used to assess the change in affect experiencing and the relationship between affect experiencing and therapist interventions within and across segments of therapy. Process data was taken from six STDP cases; in total 24 hours of video-taped sessions were examined. Therapist interventions were found to account for a statistically significant amount of variance in immediate affect experiencing. Higher levels of immediate affect experiencing followed the therapist's use of Confrontation, Clarification and Support compared to Questions, Self-disclosure and Information interventions. Therapist Confrontation interventions that attempted to direct pressure towards either the visceral experience of affect or a patient's defences against feelings led to the highest levels of immediate affect experiencing. The type of therapist intervention accounts for a small but significant amount of the variation observed in a patient's immediate emotional arousal. Empirical findings support clinical theory in STDP that suggests strategic verbal responses promote the achievement of this specific therapeutic objective.

Abstract

Le but de cette recherche était d'examiner la relation entre les interventions du thérapeute et les réponses affectives du patient dans la psychothérapie psychodynamique de courte durée (STDP). La sous-échelle d'expérience affective de l’échelle de réalisation des objectifs thérapeutiques (ATOS) a été adaptée à la mesure des réponses expérientielles affectives immédiates individuelles (I-AES) en relation aux interventions thérapeutiques codées dans le tour de parole précédent, en utilisant le système de cotation de l'interaction psychothérapeutique (PIC). Une procédure de modélisation hiérarchique linéaire a été utilisée pour évaluer le changement dans l'expérience de l'affect et de la relation entre l'expérience de l'affect et les interventions du thérapeute dans et entre des segments de la thérapie. Des données processuelles ont été prises dans six cas STDP ; en tout 24 heures de vidéo de séances ont été examinées. Les interventions du thérapeute ont montré rendre compte d'une part significative de la variance dans l'expérience affective immédiate. Des niveaux élevés d'expérience affective immédiate suivaient l'utilisation par le thérapeute d'interventions de confrontation, clarification et soutien comparées aux interventions de questions, révélation de soi et information. Les interventions de confrontation qui cherchaient à adresser directement soit l'expérience viscérale de l'affect ou les défenses du patient contre les sentiments conduisaient à un niveau plus élevé d'expérience immédiate de l'affect. Le type d'intervention du thérapeute rend compte d'une partie petite mais significative de la variance observée dans l'excitation émotionnelle immédiate du patient. Les données empiriques soutiennent la théorie clinique de la STDP qui suggère que les réponses verbales stratégiques promeuvent l'accomplissement de cet objectif thérapeutique spécifique.

Abstract

Gegenstand dieser Studie ist die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen therapeutischen Interventionen einer psychodynamischen Kurzzeittherapie (Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy, STDP) und dem affektiven Erleben von teilnehmenden Patienten. Anhand einer adaptierten Subskala der Achievement of Therapeutic Objective Scale (ATOS) wurde das unmittelbare affektive Erleben von Patienten einer STDP gemessen und in Relation zu therapeutischen Interventionen, welche durch das Psychotherapy Interaction Coding System (PIC) erfasst wurden, gesetzt. Mithilfe hierarchisch linearer Modelle wurden Affektveränderungen und der Zusammenhang zwischen affektiven Erleben und therapeutischen Interventionen innerhalb und zwischen Therapiezeitpunkten untersucht. Prozessdaten wurden von 6 STDP-Patienten erhoben, wobei insgesamt 24 Stunden Videomaterial ausgewertet wurden. Therapeutische Interventionen konnten signifikant zur Varianzaufklärung bezüglich des unmittelbaren emotionalen Erlebens beitragen, wobei therapeutische Interventionen der Konfrontation, Klärung und Unterstützung eine stärkere unmittelbare emotionale Reaktion nach sich zogen als Interventionen des Fragens, der Selbstoffenbarung und der Psychoedukation. Therapeutische Konfrontationstechniken bezüglich des körperlichen Affekterlebens und bezüglich des Abwehrverhaltens von Patienten gegenüber Emotionen führten zu den stärksten unmittelbaren emotionalen Reaktionen. Die Art der therapeutischen Intervention ist für einen kleinen aber signifikanten Anteil der Varianz im unmittelbaren emotionalen Erleben von Patienten verantwortlich. Die empirischen Befunde unterstützen die der STDP zugrundeliegende Theorie, dass strategische verbale Reaktionen das Erreichen von spezifischen therapeutischen Zielen begünstigen.

Abstract

Scopo del presente lavoro è stato quello di esaminare la relazione tra gli interventi del terapeuta e le risposte affettive del paziente durante un trattamento di psicoterapia dinamica a breve termine (STDP). La sottoscala dell'esperienza Affettiva è stata adattata dalla Scala sull'acquisizione degli obiettivi terapeutici (Achievement of Therapeutic Objectives Scale (ATOS) per misurare le risposte di esperienza individuale immediata di esperienza affettiva (I-AES) in relazione agli interventi del terapeuta codificati all'interno degli scambi verbali, utilizzando il sistema di Psychotherapy Interaction Coding (PIC). Un modello lineare gerarchico è stato utilizzato per valutare il cambiamento delle esperienze affettive e la relazione tra l'affetto esperito e gli interventi del terapeuta all'interno e attraverso i segmenti della terapia. I dati relativi al process sono stati ricavati da sei casi di STDP. In totale sono state esaminate 24 ore di sessioni video registrate. Gli interventi del terapeuta risultavano predire una percentuale statisticamente significativa di varianza nell'espressione affettiva immediate. Più alti livelli di esperienza affettiva seguivano l'utilizzo da parte del terapeuta di Confrontazioni, Chiarificazioni e strategie di Supporto se comparati con l'utilizzo di Domande o self-disclosure e interventi di informazione. Gli interventi di confrontazione del terapeuta che erano diretti ad esercitare un'influenza diretta rispetto all'esperienza più profonda di affetto o alle difese del paziente contro i sentimenti portavano al più alto livello di esperienza affettiva immediata. La tipologia degli interventi del terapeuta spiegavano una piccola ma significativa proporzione di varianza osservata durante l'attivazione di uno stato emotivo. I risultati empirici supportano le implicazioni cliniche dell'STDP che suggeriscono come le risposte verbali strategiche promuovono l'acquisizione di questi specifici obiettivi terapeutici.

Abstract

O objectivo desta investigação foi o de examinar a relação entre as intervenções do terapeuta e o seu efeito nas respostas do paciente durante Psicoterapia Dinâmica de Curto Prazo (STDP). A Sub-escala Affect Experiencing da escala Cumprimento dos Objectivos Terapêuticos (ATOS) foi adaptada para medir a influência imediata na resposta experienciada (I-AES) na relação com as intervenções do terapeuta codificadas dentro da fala anterior, utilizando o sistema de codificação de Interação Psicoterapia (PIC). O procedimento do Modelo hierárquico linear foi utlizado para avaliar a mudança no efeito experienciado e a relação entre este efeito e a intervenção do terapeuta durante e ao longo de segmentos da terapia. Os dados processados foram recolhidos de seis casos STDP; no total, 24 horas de sessões gravadas foram analisadas. As intervenções do terapeuta foram encontrados para explicar uma variância estatisticamente significativa na experiência afectada imediata. Elevados níveis influência experienciada foram seguidos do uso terapêutico de Confrontação, Clarificação e Suporte, em comparação com o uso de questões, autorrevelação e intervenções informativas. Intervenções terapêuticas de confrontação, que pretendiam provocar pressão direta tanto na experiência visceral de influência como na defesas do paciente contra os sentimentos, conduziram a elevados níveis de influência experienciada imediata. O tipo de intervenção terapêutica conduziu a uma pequena mas significativa quantidade de variação observada na ativação emocional imediata do paciente. Os resultados empíricos suportam a teoria clinica do STDP que sugere que respostas verbais estratégicas promovem a concretização de determinados objetivos terapêuticos.

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Joel Town is a Clinical Psychologist and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Dalhousie University. This article is based on his doctoral dissertation conducted under the direction of Gillian Hardy and Leigh McCullough. We thank Sarah Bird, Jessica Bolton, Chris Irons, James Macdonald, Toria Maybey, Nicola Reid, Mark Stein, and Naomi Wilson for serving as raters in this project; Elisabeth Schanche for her ongoing support and guidance; and John Ogrodniczuk, Allan Abbass and several anonymous reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of this article.

Notes

1. Specific therapist interventions distinguished within manualized coding systems are capitalized to distinguish them from the colloquial use of the terms.

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