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Original Articles

Is treatment in a day hospital step-down program superior to outpatient individual psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders? 36 months follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing different treatment modalities

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Pages 426-441 | Received 09 Aug 2011, Accepted 27 Jan 2012, Published online: 15 Mar 2012
 

Abstract

Despite increasing interest in the development of effective treatments for patients with PDs, there is still no consensus about the optimal treatment setting for this group of patients. This study reports the 36months follow-up of the Ullevål Personality Project (UPP) (n=113), a randomized clinical trial comparing two treatment modalities for patients with PDs: an intensive long-term step-down treatment program, consisting of short-term day hospital treatment followed by combined group and individual psychotherapy organized in a hospital setting, with “ordinary” outpatient individual psychotherapy in private practice for patients with moderate to severe PDs. Patients in both treatment groups showed improvements in several clinical measures after 36 months. However, contrary to our expectations, patients in the outpatient treatment setting improved significantly more. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed. The study cannot exclude the possibility that treatment aspects other than differences in modalities could explain some of the differential effectiveness (e.g. differences between therapists).

Zusammenfassung

Trotz des steigenden Interesses an der Entwicklung von effektiven Behandlungsmöglichkeiten für Patienten mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen gibt es bisher keinen Konsens über die optimalen Behandlungsmodalitäten für Patienten dieser Störungsgruppe. Die vorliegende Studie berichtet die Ergebnisse der 36-monats Katamnese des Ulleva°l Personality Project (UPP) (n = 113), einer randomisiert kontrollierten Studie welche zwei Behandlungsmodalitäten für Patienten mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen verglich: Zum Einem ein intensives Langzeit step-down Behandlungsprogramm, bestehend aus einer Kurzzeitbehandlung in einer Tagesklinik und einer folgenden kombinierten Gruppen- und Einzelbehandlung in einer Klinik, und zum Anderem ein ,,normales‘‘ ambulantes Psychotherapieprogramm im Einzelsetting für Patienten mit moderaten bis starken Persönlichkeitsstörungen, welches durch selbstständige Psychotherapeuten durchgeführt wurde. Patienten beider Behandlungsbedingungen zeigten in verschiedenen Messinstrumenten nach 36 Monaten Verbesserungen. Entgegen unserer Erwartungen profitierten Patienten des ambulanten Psychotherapieprogramms signifikant mehr. Mögliche Erklärungen dieser überraschenden Ergebnisse werden diskutiert. Die Studie kann die Möglichkeit anderer Effekte (z.B. Therapeuteneffekte) als die der Unterschiede in den Behandlungsmodalitäten nicht ausschließen.

Apesar de haver um interesse no desenvolvimento de tratamentos eficazes para pacientes com PDs, ainda não existe um consenso acerca de um tratamento óptimo destinado a este grupo de pacientes. Este estudo relata os 36 meses de follow-up do Projecto de Personalidade Ulleva (UPP), que é um ensaio clinico randomizado que compara duas modalidades de tratamento para pacientes com PDs: um programa intensivo de longa duração e step-down, que consiste no tratamento hospitalar diário seguido de uma combinação da psicoterapia de grupo e individual organizada em contexto hospitalar com a psicoterapia individual habitual externa em clínica privada de pacientes com PDs moderada a graves. Os pacientes de ambos tratamentos de grupo mostraram melhorias nas várias medidas clínicas após 36 meses. No entanto, ao contrário das nossas expectativas, os pacientes no tratamento em contexto externo mostraram ainda mais melhorarias. As explicações possíveis para este surpreendente resultado serão discutidas neste artigo. O estudo não exclui a possibilidade da eficácia diferencial ser explicada por alguns aspectos de tratamento, e não pelas diferenças na modalidade (e.g. diferenças entre terapeutas).

A pesar del interés creciente por definir un dispositivo terapéutico óptimo para los trastornos de personalidad, no hay aún un consenso sobre cuál tipo de tratamiento es más adecuado. Este estudio muestra un seguimiento a 36 meses del Proyecto de Personalidad de Ulleval (UPP), el cual estudia 113 pacientes en un estudio controlado randomizado comparando dos tipos de tratamientos para pacientes con trastorno de personalidad de moderado a severo. Por un lado, se estudiaron los resultados de un programa intensivo, escalado y a largo plazo consistente en internaciones breves en hospital de día combinados con un abordaje posterior de psicoterapia individual y grupal ofrecidos en el marco hospitalario. Por otro lado, se estudió el abordaje de psicoterapia "clásica" individual realizada en el marco de consultorio particular. Contrariamente a lo esperado, los pacientes atendidos en el encuadre de psicoterapia en consultorio privado tuvieron una mejoría significativamente mayor que el otro grupo. Se discuten posibles explicciones de este fenómeno. No puede excluirse la posibilidad de que hayan intervenido en los resultados otras variables más allá de tipo de tratamiento ofrecido (por ejemplo, diferencias entre los terapeutas mismos).

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority and Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål. The study was also supported by “The National Program for Integrated Clinical Specialist and PhD-training for Psychologists” in Norway. The program is a joint cooperation between the Universities of Bergen, Oslo, Tromsø, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Trondheim), the Regional Health Authorities, and the Norwegian Psychological Association. The program is funded jointly by The Ministry of Education and Research and The Ministry of Health and Care Services.

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