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Original Articles

Comparison of forgiveness and anger-reduction group treatments: A randomized controlled trial

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Pages 604-620 | Received 26 Oct 2011, Accepted 08 May 2012, Published online: 12 Jun 2012
 

Abstract

Interventions to promote forgiveness are effective. However, in what ways and in comparison to what other treatments is still unresolved. College students (n=112) who had been hurt in the past and struggled to overcome their negative experiences of it participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of two treatments, one focused on promoting forgiveness and one focused on reducing anger for past hurts, or a waiting list control. Treatment consisted of six 90-minute sessions held in small groups led by one facilitator over the course of 3 weeks. Results of three-level (time within participants within groups) hierarchical linear modeling indicated that the forgiveness treatment (n=41) resulted in greater reductions in hostility and psychological symptoms and more empathy for the offender than the alternative treatment (n=39) and the waitlist (n=32). Participants in both treatment conditions reported greater reductions in desires for revenge than those in the waitlist condition. All participants reported a significant reduction in rumination about the offense. Clinical significance testing mirrored these results. These findings support forgiveness-promoting treatments as effective for reducing psychological symptoms and achieving forgiveness, and suggest that they may be more effective than other types of treatments.

Interventionen zur Förderung der Vergebung sind effektiv. Trotzdem ist noch immer nicht aufgedeckt, auf welche Art und Weise und im Vergleich zu welchen anderen Behandlungen diese Interventionen wirken. Studienteilnehmer waren Collegestudenten (n = 112), welche in der Vergangenheit verletzt wurden und damit kämpften die negativen Erlebnisse zu verarbeiten. Sie wurden zufällig einer von zwei Behandlungsbedingungen, eine fokussierte auf die Förderung der Vergebung, die andere fokussierte auf den Abbau von Ärger über vergangene Verletzungen, oder einer Kontrollgruppe, zugeteilt. Die Behandlungen bestanden aus 6 90-minütigen Sitzungen in Kleingruppen, die von einem Moderator über den Verlauf von 3 Wochen angeleitet wurden. Die Ergebnisse einer 3-stufigen hierarchischen Modellierung (Zeit innerhalb der Teilnehmer innerhalb der Gruppen) zeigten, dass die Vergebungsbehandlung (n = 41) in stärkerer Reduktion von Feindseligkeit und psychologischen Symptomen und mehr Empathie gegenüber dem Täter resultierte als die alternative Behandlung (n = 39) und die Warteliste (n = 32). Studienteilnehmer in beiden Behandlungsgruppen berichteten von stärkerem Abbau ihres Verlangens nach Rache als die Studienteilnehmer der Warteliste. Alle Studienteilnehmer berichteten von einer deutlichen Reduktion der Ruminationen über den Angriff. Tests auf klinische Signifikanz spiegelte diese Ergebnisse wider. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Effektivität vergebungsfördernder Behandlungen bei der Reduktion psychologischer Symptome und der Erreichung von Vergebung und deuten an, dass diese Behandlung möglicherweise effektiver ist als andere Behandlungstypen.

Gli interventi per promuovere il perdono sono efficaci. Tuttavia, in che modo e in che rapporto con altri trattamenti non è ancora chiaro. Hanno partecipato allo studio studenti universitari (n= 112) che si sono sentiti feriti in passato e hanno lottato per superare le loro esperienze negative. Questi sono stati assegnati in modo random ad uno dei due trattamenti, uno incentrato sulla promozione del perdono e uno focalizzato sulla riduzione della rabbia per le esperienze negative passate o sono stati messi in lista d'attesa. Il trattamento consisteva di sei sessioni di 90 minuti in piccoli gruppi guidati da un facilitatore della durata di 3 settimane. I risultati di tre livelli (tempo, within participants e within groups) gerarchici di modellazione lineare indicano che il trattamento sul perdono (n= 41) ha determinato una maggiore riduzione dei sintomi psicologici e di ostilità e una reazione più empatia verso la persona rispetto al trattamento alternativo (n= 39) e alla lista d'attesa (n= 32). I partecipanti in entrambe le condizioni di trattamento riportano una maggiore riduzione nei desideri di vendetta rispetto a quelli della condizione lista d'attesa. Tutti i partecipanti hanno riportato una riduzione significativa di ruminazione sull'evento. Test di significatività clinica hanno rispecchiato questi risultati. Questi risultati supportano trattamenti che promuovono il perdono come trattamenti efficaci per ridurre i sintomi psicologici e ottenere il perdono, e suggeriscono che essi possono essere più efficaci rispetto ad altri tipi di trattamento.

As intervenções para promover o perdão são eficazes. No entanto, a forma como o resolver e a sua relação com outros tratamentos é algo ainda enigmático. Os estudantes universitários (n_112), que tinham sido afectados no passado e se esforçaram para superar as suas experiências negativas participaram neste estudo. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente um de dois tratamentos, um focado em promover o perdão e outro focado em reduzir a raiva de mágoas do passado, ou um controlo da waiting list. O tratamento consistiu em seis sessões de 90 minutos, realizadas em pequenos grupos orientadas por um moderador ao longo de 3 semanas. Os resultados de três níveis (tempo dos participantes nos grupos) do modelo linear hierárquico indicaram que o tratamento de perdão (n_41), resultou numa maior redução da hostilidade, dos sintomas psicológicos e ainda numa maior empatia para com o agressor do que para com o tratamento alternativo (n_39) e waitlist (n_32). Os participantes em ambas as condições de tratamento relataram uma maior diminuição de desejos de vingança do que aqueles que estavam na condição de waitlist. Todos os participantes relataram uma diminuição significativa na ruminação da ofensa. O teste de significância clínica espelhou estes resultados. Estes suportam os tratamentos de promover o perdão como sendo eficazes na redução dos sintomas psicológicos e no alcance do perdão. Os tratamentos de promover o perdão apresentam-se como sendo mais eficazes do que outros tipos de tratamentos.

Las intervenciones que buscan promover una actitud de perdón son efectivas. sin embargo, no se sabe aún por qué caminos lo logran y cuál es el tratamiento más efectivo.

Participaron en este estudio 112 estudiantes de escuela secundaria que se habían sentido heridos en el pasado y luchaban por superar el efecto de estas experiencias. Fueron asignados al azar a uno de tres grupos: una terapia que promovia la actitud de perdón, una terapia que se centraba en lograr reducir el enojo por las heridas sufridas y, por último, una lista de espera. El tratamiento consistió en tres sesiones de 90 minutos en grupos pequeños conducidos por un facilitador. La modelización linear jerarquica de tres niveles (el tiempo dentro de los participantes dentro de los grupos) mostró que el tratamiento que procuraba desarrollar una actitud de perdón (N = 41) resultó más efectivo en reducir la hostilidad y los sintomas psicologicos, así como en lograr una mayor empatía hacia quien lo habia agredido, fue más efectivo que el tratamiento alternativo (39) y la lista de espera (32).Los paricipantes en ambos grupos terapéuticos dijeron tener menores deseos de venganza que quienes participaron de la lista de espera.Todos los articipantes también dijeron haber disminuido sus rumiaciones sobre la agresión.La evaluación de la significatividad clinica de lo antedicho reflejó los mismos resultados.Estos resultados resutan alentadores para los tratamientos qu procuran generar una actitud de perdón y una reducción de los síntomas psicólógicos resultantes de una situación de agresión, sugiriendo que este tramiento es más efectivo que otros.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control administered by the Center for the Study of Violence at Iowa State University and by a grant from the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Iowa State University.

Notes

1. The licensed psychologist was the second author of this research paper. He was trained as a graduate student in the REACH forgiveness model and has conducted other research projects on this treatment. However, he is not partial to the REACH treatment, as he was not involved in the development of the treatment and has no financial or personal incentive to promote it. Instead, his theoretical commitments center on the common factors hypothesis (Wampold, Citation2001) regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatments.

2. We attempted to collect 3-week follow-up data on the research participants. However, we were only able to collect the desired data from 54% of those who completed the post-treatment assessment (as can be seen in the flow chart, ). When we conducted repeated measures ANOVAs on this group, their pattern of data across time points was different than the pattern of results for the post-treatment completers. This suggests that there may have been important differences between the follow-up completers and those who did not complete the follow-up that would bias the results. Therefore, we have not reported the follow-up results to avoid making conclusions based on biased data.

3. Because completer-only analyses can bias the results of clinical trials, we conducted an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) procedure and compared the two treatments and waiting list on the five outcomes. We found that in every case the results matched the results of the completers analyses that we had reported originally. More specifically, we found that REACH was more effective than the Anger Reduction treatment in reducing hostility and psychological symptoms, and increasing empathy. We found that REACH was more effective than the waiting list, but not the Anger Reduction treatment, at reducing revenge. There was no difference between either treatment and the waiting list in the reduction of rumination; all participants reported decreasing rumination to the same degree.

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