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SPECIAL SECTION: PERSONALITY DISORDERS

Clinical correlates of alexithymia among patients with personality disorder

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Pages 690-704 | Received 19 Nov 2012, Accepted 06 May 2013, Published online: 03 Jun 2013
 

Abstract

The literature portrays patients with alexithymia as unusual and difficult to treat; research to date has not clarified the nature of this condition. This study addressed associations between alexithymia and constructs relevant to clinical intervention, namely attachment, quality of object relations, emotion regulation, defense style, personality disorder, and treatment outcome. Fifty-one patients admitted to an intensive group-oriented day treatment program were recruited. Prior to therapy, patients were administered self-report and structured interview measures of predictor and outcome variables; outcome measures were re-administered at completion of the 18-week program. Alexithymia was common in this sample, with four of five patients endorsing moderate or greater problems. Associations with attachment avoidance, primitive object relations, suppression of emotional expression, use of immature defenses, and severity of borderline personality disorder were identified. Alexithymia did not, however, predict outcome. Findings are considered in terms of how the construct informs views of personality disorder.

文獻指出情緒表達障礙患者相當少見且不易治療,到目前為止的研究也未能清 楚闡述此狀況的性質。本研究探討情緒表達障礙與臨床介入之相關建構間的關 聯,亦即依附、客體關係品質、情緒調節、防衛風格、人格疾患與治療效果。 由密集性團體導向日間治療方案篩選出51 名患者,在治療前,施以預測因子 與效果變項之自陳式與結構式訪談測量;在完成18 週的方案之後,再施以效 果測量。研究樣本出現情緒表達障礙頗為普遍,五名患者中有四名出現中等嚴 重度或以上的問題。對依附迴避性、原始化客體關係、情緒表達之抑制性、運 用不成熟之防衛、人格疾患嚴重度之間的關聯性進行分析。但研究結果發現, 情緒表達障礙對治療效果並不具預測力,文中由建構對人格疾患所揭示的現象 來討論研究結果。

La letteratura ritrae i pazienti con alessitimia come insoliti e difficili da trattare; le ricerche fino ad oggi non hanno chiarito la natura di questa condizione. Questo studio ha affrontato le associazioni tra alessitimia e costrutti rilevanti per l'intervento clinico, vale a dire l'attaccamento, la qualità delle relazioni oggettuali, la regolazione delle emozioni, lo stile di difesa, disturbi di personalità e l'esito del trattamento. Sono stati reclutati 51 pazienti ammessi ad un programma di trattamento diurno intensivo di gruppo. Prima della terapia, ai pazienti sono stati somministrati questionari self-report e interviste strutturate per misurare le variabili predittive e di esito; misurazioni per gli outcome sono state somministrate nuovamente al completamento del programma di 18 settimane. L'alessitimia era comune in questo campione, con quattro dei cinque pazienti che dichiaravano problemi moderati o maggiori. Sono state identificate associazioni con attaccamento evitante, relazioni oggettuali primitive, soppressione dell'espressione delle emozioni, uso di difese immature e gravità del disturbo borderline. L'alessitimia non predice, tuttavia, l'outcome. I risultati vengono considerati alla luce di come il costrutto influisce sulla visione del disturbo di personalità.

Die Literatur bezeichnet Patienten mit Alexithymie als ungewöhnlich und schwierig zu behandeln. Die Forschung konnte bisher die Natur dieses Zusammenhangs nicht klären. Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit den Zusammenhängen zwischen Alexithymie und Konstrukten, welche für klinische Interventionen relevant sind, nämlich Bindung, Qualität von Objektbeziehungen, Emotionsregulation, Abwehrstile, Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Therapieergebnisse. 51 Patienten nahmen an einem intensiven gruppenorientierten Tagesbehandlungsprogramm teil und wurden für diese Studie rekrutiert. Vor der Therapie wurde mittels Fragebogenerhebungen und strukturierten Interviews die Prädiktor- und Ergebnisvariablen erfasst. Ergebnisvariablen wurden nach dem 18-wöchigen Behandlungsprogramm erneut erhoben. Vier von fünf Patienten hatten mittlere bis größere Probleme wegen Alexithymie. Zusammenhänge mit Bindungsvermeidung, primitiven Objektbeziehungen, Unterdrückung von emotionalem Ausdruch, Nutzung von unreifem Abwehrverhalten und Schweregrad der Borderline Persönlichkeitsstörung konnten identifiziert werden. Alexithymie konnte jedoch nicht das Therapieergebnis vorhersagen. Die Befunde sind konsistent hinsichtlich des Einflusses von Alexithymie auf Persönlichkeitsstörungen.

A literatura descreve os pacientes com alexitimia como raros e de difícil tratamento; até ao momento, a investigação ainda não clarificou a natureza desta perturbação. O presente estudo abordou as associações entre a alexitimia e alguns construtos relevantes para a intervenção clínica, nomeadamente a vinculação, a qualidade das relações objectais, a regulação emocional, o estilo de defesa, a perturbação de personalidade e o resultado do tratamento.

Foram recrutados cinquenta e um pacientes admitidos para um programa intensivo de tratamento de dia em formato de terapia de grupo. Antes da terapia, foram administradas aos pacientes medidas de autorrelato e entrevistas estruturadas das variáveis preditoras e de resultado; as medidas de resultado foram readministradas no final do programa de 18 semanas. A alexitimia era comum nesta amostra, com quatro de cinco pacientes apresentando problemas moderados ou mais graves. Foram identificadas associações com vinculação evitante, relações objectais primitivas, supressão da expressão emocional, utilização de defesas imaturas, e gravidade da perturbação borderline da personalidade.

A alexitimia, no entanto, não foi um preditor dos resultados. Os resultados são considerados em termos de como o construto informa as abordagens à perturbação de personalidade.

Acknowledgements

The assistance of the Day Treatment Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta Hospital, is appreciated: Dr. Laura Stovel, Clinical Coordinator; Anthony Bjorge, Team Leader; and therapists Melissa Gates, Brandy Kully, Brennan Macdonald, Peggy MacLellan, Annika Nordhagen, and Noel Sayers. Assistance with interview assessments was provided by Jody Arndt, Ward Nicholson, and Amanda Sheptycki; data management help was provided by Ulli Wolfaardt. Funding for this project was provided by Dr. Esther Fujiwara, from a start-up grant awarded by the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta.

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