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Original Articles

Interpersonal differentiation within depression diagnosis: Relating interpersonal subgroups to symptom load and the quality of the early therapeutic alliance

, , , , &
Pages 429-441 | Received 08 Feb 2013, Accepted 22 Jul 2013, Published online: 13 Sep 2013
 

Abstract

We examined interpersonal problems in psychotherapy outpatients with a principal diagnosis of a depressive disorder in routine care (n=361). These patients were compared to a normative non-clinical sample and to outpatients with other principal diagnoses (n=959). Furthermore, these patients were statistically assigned to interpersonally defined subgroups that were compared regarding symptoms and the quality of the early alliance. The sample of depressive patients reported higher levels of interpersonal problems than the normative sample and the sample of outpatients without a principal diagnosis of depression. Latent Class Analysis identified eight distinct interpersonal subgroups, which differed regarding self-reported symptom load and the quality of the early alliance. However, therapists' alliance ratings did not differentiate between the groups. This interpersonal differentiation within the group of patients with a principal diagnosis of depression may add to a personalized psychotherapy based on interpersonal profiles.

Wir untersuchten Patienten mit interpersonellen Problemen und der Hauptdiagnose einer Depressiven Störung, die unter Routinebedingungen in ambulanter psychotherapeutischer Behandlung waren (n=361). Diese Patienten wurden verglichen mit normativen nicht-klinischen Stichproben und mit Patienten in ambulanter Behandlung mit anderen Hauptdiagnosen (n=959). Außerdem wurden die Patienten statistisch interpersonellen Untergruppen zugeordnet, die im Hinblick auf Symptome und die Qualität der frühen therapeutischen Allianz verglichen wurden. Die Stichprobe der depressiven Patienten zeigt höhere Werte bei interpersonalen Problemen als die normative Stichprobe und die Stichprobe mit Patienten in ambulanter Behandlung, die keine depressive Störung als Hauptdiagnose haben. Latente Klassenanalysen resultierten in acht spezifischen interpersonellen Untergruppen, welche sich bzgl. der selbstberichteten Symptombelastung und der Qualität der frühen therapeutischen Allianz unterschieden. Dennoch konnte nach Einschätzung der therapeutischen Allianz aus Therapeutensicht nicht zwischen den Gruppen differenziert werden. Die interpersonelle Unterscheidung innerhalb der Gruppe von Patienten mit der Hauptdiagnose Depressive Störung könnte zu einer personalisierten Psychotherapie basierend auf interpersonalen Profilen beitragen.

Abbiamo esaminato i problemi interpersonali nel corso del trattamento psicoterapeutico di pazienti ambulatoriali con una diagnosi di disturbo depressivo in trattamento di routine ( n = 361). Questi pazienti sono stati confrontati con un campione normativo non clinico e con pazienti ambulatoriali con altre diagnosi principali ( n = 959). Inoltre, questi pazienti sono stati statisticamente assegnati a sottogruppi definiti su un piano interpersonale e sono stati confrontati per quanto riguarda i sintomi e la qualità dell'alleanza iniziale. Il campione di pazienti depressi ha riportato livelli più elevati di problemi interpersonali rispetto al campione normativo e al campione di pazienti ambulatoriali senza diagnosi principale di depressione. L'Analisi in Classi Latenti ha identificato otto sottogruppi interpersonali distinti, che differivano per quanto riguarda il carico dei sintomi auto-riferiti e la qualità dell'alleanza iniziale. Tuttavia, le valutazioni effettuate dai terapeuti dell'alleanza non erano differenti tra i gruppi. Questa differenziazione interpersonale all'interno del gruppo di pazienti con diagnosi principale di depressione può essere aggiunta a una psicoterapia personalizzata basata sui profili interpersonali.

Examinaram-se problemas interpessoais de clientes em psicoterapia em regime ambulatório com um diagnóstico principal de perturbação depressiva. Estes clientes foram comparados com uma amostra normativa não clínica e com clientes em regime ambulatório com outros diagnósticos principais. Além disso, estes clientes foram estatisticamente inseridos em subgrupos que foram comparados relativamente aos sintomas e à qualidade da aliança inicial. A amostra de clientes deprimidos relatou níveis mais elevados de problemas interpessoais do que a amostra normativa e do que a amostra sem um diagnóstico principal de depressão. A análise de classes latentes identificou oito subgrupos interpessoais distintos que diferiram em relação ao total de sintomas autorrelatados e em relação à qualidade da aliança inicial. No entanto, as classificações da aliança por parte do terapeuta não diferenciaram os grupos. Esta diferenciação interpessoal no grupo de clientes com um diagnóstico principal de depressão pode contribuir para uma psicoterapia personalizada baseada em perfis interpessoais.

作者檢視主要診斷為憂鬱症的門診心理治療患者人際困擾問題(n=361)。這些病患是跟一般沒有臨床症狀者以及被診斷為其他疾患者相比較(n=959)。這些研究參與者依照不同症狀與初期工作同盟品質的人際定義,進一步以統計方式分配到不同的次團體。憂鬱症患者陳述的人際困擾程度顯著高於一般正常組以及沒有診斷為憂鬱症的其他門診病患。由潛在類別分析法找出八個各自獨立的人際次團體,這些次團體在自陳的症狀嚴重程度與初期工作同盟品質有所差異。不過治療師所評量的治療同盟分數在各組之間並無差異。這個憂鬱組與其他不同組別之間的人際差異或許有助於以人際的剖面圖建立個人化的心理治療。

Acknowledgments

We thank the therapists for their outstanding work delivering the treatment, and the research assistants for their efforts in collecting the data. Most important, we thank the patients who participated in the research and gave so generously of their time in data collection.

This research was supported by grants to the first and the fourth authors by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF; No. PP00P1-123377/1 & No. PA00P1_124102). The penultimate author was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018269).

Notes

1 The degrees of freedom can differ somewhat throughout the entire paper because the amount of missing data on all (demographic, interpersonal, symptomatic, and process) variables varied and because subscales were only calculated if data were provided for half of its items.

2 The classes 6 and 8 have slightly dissimilar average angular locations in the interpersonal space (displacements; see ), but their interpersonal profiles are very similar.

3 Because the caseload of therapists treating the present sample of patients was relatively low, we did not separate patient effects from therapist effects (see e.g., Baldwin, Wampold, & Imel, Citation2007; Del Re, Flückiger, Horvath, Symonds, & Wampold, Citation2012).

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