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EMPIRICAL PAPER

Therapists' thoughts on therapy: Clinicians' perceptions of the therapy processes that distinguish schema, cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic approaches

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Pages 538-549 | Received 15 Oct 2012, Accepted 26 Oct 2013, Published online: 28 Nov 2013
 

Abstract

Objective: Debates continue over shared factors in therapy processes between different theoretical orientations. By seeking the opinions of practicing clinicians, this study aimed to elucidate the similarities and differences between cognitive-behavioural (CBT), psychodynamic (PDT), and schema therapy (ST) approaches. Method: Forty-eight practitioners aligning with one of the three approaches were asked to identify crucial processes in their therapy using a modified online version of the Psychotherapy Process Q-set. Results: Distinct differences between each theoretical orientation with few shared common factors were found. A comparison with ratings from previous studies indicated that CBT therapists have not changed over the last 20 years, whereas PDT therapists have changed and the differences appeared consistent with modern PDT theory. Conclusions: The differences between the therapy approaches were consistent with theories underlying each model. PDT therapists valued a neutral relationship, CBT therapists emphasized a didactic interaction, and therapists form a ST orientation placed a greater emphasis on emotional involvement.

Obiettivo: E’ ancora in corso il dibattito sui fattori comuni nei processi di terapia tra i diversi orientamenti teorici. Valutando le opinioni dei clinici, questo studio ha l’obiettivo di chiarire le somiglianze e le differenze tra gli approcci cognitivo-comportamentale (CBT), psicodinamico (PDT), e la schema therapy (ST).

Metodo: A quarantotto clinici che seguivano uno dei tre approcci èstato chiesto di identificare i processi cruciali nella loro terapia utilizzando una versione online modificata del Psychotherapy Process Q-set.

Risultati: Sono emerse differenze specifiche fra ogni orientamento teorico con alcuni fattori in comune. Un confronto con le valutazioni di studi precedenti ha indicato che i terapeuti CBT non sono cambiati nel corso degli ultimi 20 anni, mentre i terapeuti PDT sono cambiati e le differenze appaiono coerenti con la moderna teoria PDT.

Conclusioni: Le differenze tra gli approcci terapeutici sono coerenti con le teorie alla base di ogni modello. I terapeuti PDT hanno dato risalto alla relazione neutrale, i terapeuti CBT hanno enfatizzato l'interazione didattica e i terapeuti ad orientamento ST hanno posto una maggiore enfasi sul coinvolgimento emotivo.

Objectivo: Continua a existir debate em torno dos factores comuns nos processos terapêuticos em diferentes orientaçõ es teóricas. Ao procurar as opiniões de diferentes terapeutas com prática clínica, este estudo pretendeu elucidar acerca das similaridades e diferenças entre as abordagens cognitivo-comportamental (TCC), psicodinâmica (TPD) e terapia dos esquemas (TE). Método: Quarenta e oito clínicos orientados numa das três abordagens foram convidados a identificar os processos centrais da sua terapia, utilizando uma versão online adaptada do Psychotherapy Process Q-set. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças distintivas com poucos factores comuns entre cada orientação teórica. Uma comparação com os valores de estudos anteriores indicou que os terapeutas TCC não mudaram ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, enquanto os terapeutas TPD o fizeram, mostrando diferenças consistentes com a teoria TPD moderna. Conclusões: as diferenças entre as abordagens terapêuticas foram consistentes com as teorias subjecantes a cada modelo. Os terapeutas TPD valorizaram uma relação neutra, os terapeutas TCC enfatizavam a interacção didáctica e os terapeutas com orientação TE davam maior destaque ao envolvimento emocional.

Ziel: Die Debatte über gemeinsame Faktoren in Therapieprozessen zwischen den verschiedenen theoretischen Orientierungen dauert an. Indem die Meinungen von praktizierenden Klinikern erfragt wurden, beabsichtigte diese Studie die Ähnlichkeiten und die Unterschiede zwischen kognitiv verhaltenstherapeutischen (CBT), psychodynamischen (PDT) und schematherapeutischen (ST) Ansätzen zu untersuchen. Methode: 48 Praktiker, die auf einen der drei Ansätze ausgerichtet sind, wurden gebeten wichtige Prozesse in ihrem Verfahren zu identifizieren, indem sie eine abgewandelte online Version des Psychotherapieprozess Q-set anwendeten. Ergebnisse: Es wurden eindeutige Unterschiede zwischen jeder theoretischen Orientierung mit wenig geteilten gemeinsamen Faktoren gefunden. Ein Vergleich mit Beurteilungen von vorherigen Studien deutete an, dass sich CBT Therapeuten in den letzten 20 Jahren nicht geändert haben, dass sich dahingegen die PDT Therapeuten geändert haben und dass die Unterschiede konsistent mit der modernen PDT Theorie auftreten. Schlussfolgerung: Die Unterschiede zwischen den Therapieansätzen waren konsistent mit den zugrunde liegenden Theorien jedes Models. PDT Therapeuten schätzten eine neutrale Beziehung, CBT Therapeuten hoben eine didaktische Interaktion hervor, und Therapeuten von einer ST Orientierung vermittelten eine größere Betonung der emotionalen Beteiligung.

目標:有關不同治療取向在治療歷程中是否具有共通因素仍持續被爭論著。藉由詢問臨床實務工作者的意見,本研究的目標在於探究認知行為治療( CBT)、心理動力治療 (PDT)和基模治療 (ST)等治療取向的相似處和相異處。方法:運用心理治療歷程分類問卷( Q-set)的網路修訂版, 48位具有三種治療取向之一的實務工作者被要求辨識他們治療中的重要歷程。結果:每個治療取向間具有明顯的差異,僅有少數的共通因素。研究者將研究結果與先前的研究評量做比較後指出: CBT治療師過去 20年間未曾改變, PDT治療師有所改變,且變得明顯與當今的 PDT治療更為一致。結論:治療取向的差異與每個治療模式背後的理論是一致的。 PDT治療師重視中立的關係, CBT治療師強調說理的互動,而 ST治療師則強調情緒的參與。

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