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ARTICLES

Immediate therapist self-disclosure bolsters the effect of brief integrative psychotherapy on psychiatric symptoms and the perceptions of therapists: A randomized clinical trial

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Pages 558-570 | Received 17 Mar 2015, Accepted 15 Dec 2015, Published online: 03 Feb 2016
 

Abstract

Objective: We report a first randomized clinical trial examining the effect of immediate and non-immediate therapist self-disclosure in the context of a brief integrative psychotherapy for mild to moderate distress. Method: A total of 86 patients with mild to moderate forms of distress were randomly divided into three 12-session integrative psychotherapy conditions based primarily on [Hill, C. E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.] three-stage model. Therapists trained in this treatment modality were instructed to use either immediate self-disclosure (expressing feelings towards the patient/treatment/therapeutic relationship) or non-immediate self-disclosure (expressing personal or factual information regarding the therapist's life outside the treatment). In the comparison condition, the therapists were instructed to refrain from self-disclosure altogether. Results: Immediate therapist self-disclosure reduced psychiatric symptoms among patients with elevated pretreatment symptoms (as assessed by the Brief Symptoms Inventory) and bolstered a favorable perception of the therapist. Therapists in both the immediate and non-immediate self-disclosure group evaluated themselves more favorably than their counterparts in the non-disclosure group. Conclusions: Therapist self-disclosure, particularly of the immediate type, might enhance the effect of brief integrative treatment on psychiatric symptoms of high symptomatic patients and contribute to favorable perception of therapists.

Resumo

Objetivo: Relatamos um primeiro ensaio clínico randomizado que examinou o efeito da auto-revelação imediata e não-imediata do terapeuta no contexto de uma psicoterapia integrativa breve para sofrimento leve a moderado. Método: Um total de 86 pacientes com formas de sofrimento leves a moderadas foram alocados aleatoriamente em três condições de psicoterapia integrativa de 12 sessões com base principalmente no modelo de três estágios [Hill, C. E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.]. Os terapeutas treinados nesta modalidade de tratamento foram instruídos a usar auto-revelação imediata (expressando sentimentos em relação ao paciente/tratamento /relação terapêutica) ou auto-revelação não imediata (expressando informações pessoais ou factuais sobre a vida do terapeuta fora do tratamento). Na condição de comparação, os terapeutas foram instruídos a abster-se completamente de auto-revelação. Resultados: a auto-revelação imediata dos terapeutas reduziu os sintomas psiquiátricos dos pacientes com elevados sintomas antes do tratamento (conforme avaliado pelo Brief Symptoms Inventory) e reforçou uma percepção favorável do terapeuta. Os terapeutas tanto do grupo de auto-revelação imediata quanto de auto-revelação não-imediata avaliaram-se mais favoravelmente do que os seus pares no grupo que não fez nenhuma auto-revelação. Conclusão: A auto-revelação de terapeutas, particularmente do tipo imediata, pode aumentar o efeito de um tratamento integrativo breve sobre sintomas psiquiátricos de pacientes sintomáticos elevados e contribuem para uma percepção favorável dos terapeutas.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Wir berichten über eine erste randomisierte klinische Studie, welche den Effekt von unmittelbarer und nicht-unmittelbarer Selbstoffenbarung der Therapeuten im Rahmen einer integrativen Kurzzeitpsychotherapie für geringe bis mittlere Belastung untersuchte. Methode: Insgesamt 86 Patienten mit geringer bis mittlerer Belastung wurden randomisiert drei integrativen Psychotherapiebedingungen mit jeweils 12 Sitzungen zugeordnet, welche hauptsächlich auf dem Drei-Phasen-Modell basierten [Hill, C. E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.]. Therapeuten, die bezüglich dieser Behandlungsmodalität ausgebildet waren, wurden angeleitet, entweder unmittelbare Selbstoffenbarung (Ausdruck von Emotionen bezüglich des Patienten/der Behandlung/der therapeutischen Beziehung) oder nicht-unmittelbare Selbstoffenbarung (Ausdruck von persönlicher oder sachlicher Information bezüglich das Leben des Therapeuten außerhalb der Behandlung). In der Vergleichsbedingung wurden die Therapeuten angeleitet, auf jegliche Form der Selbstoffenbarung zu verzichten. Ergebnisse: Unmittelbare therapeutische Selbstoffenbarung reduzierte psychiatrische Symptome bei Patienten mit einer erhöhten Symptombelastung bei Behandlungsbeginn (erfasst anhand des Brief Symptom Inventory) und förderte eine günstige Wahrnehmung des Therapeuten. Sowohl in der unmittelbaren als auch in der nicht-unmittelbaren Selbstoffenbarungsgruppe evaluierten Therapeuten sich günstiger als ihre Kollegen in der Gruppe ohne Selbstoffenbarung. Schlussfolgerungen: Therapeutische Selbstoffenbarung, insbesondere der unmittelbare Typ, könnte den Effekt der integrativen Kurzzeitbehandlung von psychiatrischen Symptomen bei hochbelasteten Patienten steigern und zu einer günstigen Wahrnehmung der Therapeuten beitragen.

摘要

目的:我們報導了首次以隨機臨床試驗檢視為輕至中度痛苦者提供的短期整合治療情境中,治療師的立即及非立即自我揭露之效能。方法:共有86位分別有輕至中度不同型式痛苦的病人,被隨機分派至3組各12次整合心理治療情境中(主要是依循Hill, C. E. (2009) 的三階段模式,[Hill, C. E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.)。接受此治療模式訓練的治療師,被要求使用立即的自我揭露(表達對病人/治療方法/治療關係的感受),或非立即的自我揭露(表達與治療師在治療室外生活有關的個人或事實訊息)。至於比較組的治療師,則被要求完全不使用自我揭露。結果:治療師的立即自我揭露減少了治療前症狀加劇之病人的精神病理症狀(以短式症狀量表BSI評量),並增加對治療師好感的知覺。立即與非立即自我揭露組的治療師都自評比未使用自我揭露組的治療師更受到喜愛。結論:治療師的自我揭露,特別是立即的型式,可能促進在短期整合治療中有高度精神病理症狀病人的治療效果,並有助於對治療師的好感知覺。

Obiettivo: Riportiamo un primo studio clinico randomizzato che ha esaminato l'effetto dell'auto-svelamento del terapeuta immediato e non immediato all'interno di una psicoterapia integrata breve sulla sofferenza da lieve a moderata. Metodo: 86 pazienti con sofferenza da lieve a moderata sono stati randomizzati in tre condizioni di psicoterapia integrata della durata di 12 sedute basate principalmente sul modello a tre gradi [Hill, C.E. (2009). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.]. I terapeuti formati in questa modalità di trattamento sono stati istruiti a utilizzare l'auto-svelamento immediato (riportare i sentimenti verso paziente/trattamento/relazione terapeutica) o auto-svelamenti non immediati (riportare informazioni personali o fattuali che riguardano la vita del terapeuta al di fuori del trattamento). Nella condizione di confronto, i terapeuti sono stati istruiti ad astenersi completamente dagli auto-svelamenti. Risultati: L'auto-svelamento immediato del terapeuta ha ridotto i sintomi psichiatrici nei pazienti con sintomi elevati prima del trattamento (valutati con la Brief Symptoms Inventory) e ha favorito una percezione favorevole del terapeuta. I terapeuti nei gruppi con auto-svelamento immediato e non immediato si sono valutati più favorevolmente rispetto a quelli del gruppo senza auto-svelamenti. Conclusioni: L'auto-svelamento del terapeuta, in particolare del tipo immediato, potrebbe migliorare l'effetto di un trattamento integrato breve sui sintomi psichiatrici in pazienti molto sintomatici e contribuire alla percezione favorevole dei terapeuti.

Notes

1 In a fourth condition, therapists did not participate in the training workshop and were instructed to refrain from self-disclosure. This condition served as a control for the third “workshop but no self-disclosure” condition. When the latter two conditions were compared regarding all study variables at both Time 1 (pretreatment) and Time 2 (termination), virtually no difference between the two conditions was obtained (all ps > .30). Condition 4 was thus deemed redundant and dropped from further analyses.

2 At the outset of treatment, patients were also administered personality and interpersonal relationships measures. Therapists completed a pretreatment demographic questionnaire. Before each treatment session, patients completed a measure evaluating the impact of the previous session. Following each treatment session, both patients and therapists completed measures evaluating the session. Findings obtained with these measures will be addressed in subsequent reports.

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