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EMPIRICAL PAPERS

Changes in depressed patients’ self-statements

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Pages 170-182 | Received 06 Sep 2017, Accepted 24 Oct 2018, Published online: 13 Nov 2018
 

Abstract

Objective: Individuals’ use of self-statements reflecting self-criticism, a sense of inadequacy, and low self-worth has been linked to the incidence, severity, and recurrence of major depressive disorder [de Graaf, L. E., Huibers, M. J. H., Cuijpers, P., & Arntz, A. (2010). Minor and major depression in the general population: Does dysfunctional thinking play a role? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(3), 266–274. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.006; Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S., … Ulmer, C. S. (2003). Cognitive aspects of chronic depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 72–80. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.72]. The present study used an observer-rated measure, the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior [Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Psychological Review, 81(5), 392–425. doi:10.1037/h0037024], to examine patients’ self-directed communication over the course of psychotherapy.

Method: Self-talk in early and late therapy sessions was examined using cases (N = 44) from the cognitive therapy arm of Jacobson and colleagues’ component study of cognitive therapy for depression [Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., … Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 295–304. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.2.295, Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., … Prince, S. E. (2000). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1). doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.323a]. We identified changes at treatment termination, and used hierarchical multiple regression to examine whether improvements in patient self-talk influenced treatment outcome up to 24 months post-termination.

Results: Trends indicate that patients used friendlier and less critical self-statements at the end of treatment. Decreased self-critical behaviour was associated with fewer symptoms at the end of treatment and up to one year later; increased self-acceptance was linked to symptom improvement a year and a half after termination.

Conclusion: Consistent with cognitive theory, reduced self-criticism was associated with better treatment outcomes. Longer-term improvement was linked to the development of friendlier and more accepting self-referential behaviour.

Obiettivo: l'uso individuale di dichiarazioni su sé stessi che riflettono autocritica, senso di inadeguatezza e scarsa autostima è stato collegato all'incidenza, alla gravità e alla ricorrenza del disturbo depressivo maggiore [de Graaf, L. E., Huibers, M. J. H., Cuijpers, P., & Arntz, A. (2010). Minor and major depression in the general population: Does dysfunctional thinking play a role? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(3), 266–274. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.006; Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S.,…Ulmer, C. S. (2003). Cognitive aspects of chronic depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 72–80. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.72]. Il presente studio ha utilizzato una misura di osservazione, l'analisi strutturale del comportamento sociale [Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural Analysis of Social Behavior.Psychological Review, 81(5), 392–425. doi:10.1037/h0037024], per esaminare la comunicazione auto-diretta dei pazienti durante la psicoterapia. Metodo: Il dialogo interiore nelle sedute di terapie precoci e non è stato esaminato usando i casi (N=44) sottoposti alla terapia cognitiva dallo studio di Jacobson e colleghi sulla terapia cognitiva per la depressione [Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K.,…Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioural treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 295–304. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.2.295, Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K.,…Prince, S. E. (2000). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1). doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.323a]. Abbiamo identificato cambiamenti alla fine del trattamento, usando Hierarchical multiple regression analysis per esaminare se il miglioramento nei pazienti rispetto ai loro dialoghi interiori influenzavano gli esiti di trattamento dopo 24 mesi dal termine del trattamento. Risultati: I trends indicano che i pazienti hanno fatto dichiarazioni su sé stessi più amichevoli alla fine del trattamento. È diminuito il comportamento di auto-critica associato ad alcuni sintomi alla fine del trattamento e dopo un anno da questo; è aumentata l'auto-accettazione collegata al miglioramento dei sintomi un anno dopo il termine del trattamento. Conclusioni: Coerentemente con la terapia cognitiva, la ridotta auto-critica era associata con migliori esiti di trattamento. Il miglioramento a lungo termine era collegato allo sviluppo di un atteggiamento più amichevole e più accettante.

Objetivo: O uso individual de declarações que refletem autocrítica, um sentimento de inadequação e baixa auto-estima tem sido ligado à incidência, gravidade e recorrência do transtorno depressivo maior [de Graaf, L. E., Huibers, M. J. H., Cuijpers, P., & Arntz, A. (2010). Minor and major depression in the general population: Does dysfunctional thinking play a role? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(3), 266–274. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.006; Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S.,…Ulmer, C. S. (2003). Cognitive aspects of chronic depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 72–80. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.72]. O presente estudo utilizou uma medida observacional, a Análise Estrutural do Comportamento Social [Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Psychological Review, 81(5), 392–425. doi:10.1037/h0037024],para examinar a comunicação auto-direcionada dos pacientes durante o curso de psicoterapia. Método: A conversa consigo mesmo nas sessões iniciais e finais de terapia foi examinada usando casos (N=44) do braço de terapia cognitiva do estudo de Jacobson e colegas sobre componentes de terapia cognitiva para depressão [Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K.,…Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 295–304. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.2.295, Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K.,…Prince, S. E. (2000). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1). doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.323a]. Identificamos alterações no término do tratamento e usamos regressão múltipla hierárquica para examinar se as melhorias na conversa consigo mesmo do paciente influenciaram o resultado do tratamento até 24 meses após o término. Resultados: As tendências indicam que os pacientes usaram declarações mais amigáveis ⁣⁣e menos críticas no final do tratamento. Diminuição comportamento de autocrítica foi associada a menos sintomas no final do tratamento e até um ano depois; auto-aceitação aumentada foi relacionada à melhora dos sintomas um ano e meio após o término. Conclusão: Consistente com a teoria cognitiva, a autocrítica reduzida foi associada a melhores resultados do tratamento. Melhoria a longo prazo foi ligada ao desenvolvimento de um comportamento autorreferencial mais amigável e mais aceitável.

目的:個體採用自我批評、具不足感和低自我價值的自我陳述,會連結至重鬱症的 發生、嚴重度和復發[de Graaf, L. E., Huibers, M. J. H., Cuijpers, P., & Arntz, A. (2010). Minor and major depression in the general population: Does dysfunctional thinking play a role? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(3), 266–274. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.006; Riso, L. P., du Toit, P. L., Blandino, J. A., Penna, S., Dacey, S., Duin, J. S.,...Ulmer, C. S. (2003). Cognitive aspects of chronic depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(1), 72–80. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.72]。本 研究採用一項觀察者評定的測量:社會行為結構分析,檢視患者於心理治療歷程中 自我引導的溝通[Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural Analysis of Social Behavior. Psychological Review, 81(5), 392–425. doi:10.1037/h0037024]。方法:本研究檢視個 案(N = 44)於治療早期和晚期出現的自我內言,個案來自Jacobson 與其同僚之憂鬱 症認知治療成份分析研究之子計畫[Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K., ... Prince, S. E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 295–304. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.2.295, Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., Addis, M. E., Koerner, K., Gollan, J. K.,...Prince, S. E. (2000). A component analysis of cognitive–behavioral treatment for depression. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1). doi:10.1037/1522- 3736.3.1.323a]。我們整理出治療結束時發生的改 變,並採用多元階層迴歸分析,以檢視患者自我內言的改善,對於治療結束後最長 24 個月時的成效是否亦有影響。結果:研究者發現的趨勢顯示患者於治療結束時, 會使用較為友善和較低批判性的自我陳述。自我批評行為的降低,與治療結束時和 一年後出現較少的症狀有關聯。至於自我接納的增加可連結至治療結束一年半時的 症狀改善。結論:與認知治療一致,自我批判的降低與較佳的治療成效有關。發展 出較友善的、更為自我接納的行為,和較長期的進展有連結。

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by doctoral fellowships awarded by the Social Sciences Research Council of Canada and by the Fonds de recherche sur la société et la culture de Québec. We thank Dr. Jack De Stefano, for his assistance with data coding.

Notes

1 The Intrex questionnaire is subject to many of the same limitations of other self-reports measures. However, because it is more commonly used to assess changes in patients’ introjects, we present a brief review of previous findings to provide context for the current study.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by doctoral fellowships awarded by the Social Sciences Research Council of Canada and by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture. We thank Dr. Jack De Stefano, for his assistance with data coding.

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