https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5146
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ABSTRACT
High-risk sexual behaviors are risky challenges in adolescents during a transitional period. Its prevalence tends to be higher in street adolescents and scavengers, including homeless adolescents. This study aimed to analyze the contributing factors that influence engagement in premarital sex among high-risk Indonesian adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 10–21-years-old street adolescents and scavengers in Indonesia. A questionnaire probing sexual behaviors, contributing factors of high-risk sexual behaviors, and premarital sex was used to guide the interviews. A total of 223 adolescents participated in this study: 138 males and 85 females; 115 street adolescents and 108 scavengers. About 16.6% of the participants were engaging in premarital sex. Pornography, alcohol consumption, nonmedical use of prescription drugs, sexual stimulant use, and peer premarital sex were associated with increased odds of premarital sex. Alcohol consumption and peer premarital sex were significant variables for premarital sex. There was no difference in sexual behaviors between genders. Premarital sex, multiple sex partners, and early sex were significantly different between age groups, with those in middle adolescence with the highest prevalence. Alcohol consumption and peer premarital sex were major contributing factors for engaging in premarital sex among high-risk Indonesian adolescents.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the participants of this study, pediatric residents, and pediatric fellows for their supports.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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Notes on contributors
Hartono Gunardi
Hartono Gunardi, MD, PhD, is a Consultant Pediatrician and Head of Growth and Development – Social Pediatrics Division, Department of Child Health at Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, the top national referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Gunardi received his MD and specialist degree in Pediatrics from Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. He was appointed as consultant in 2006 and obtained his PhD in 2011 from the same institution. He is currently the Vice President of Community Affair of Indonesian Pediatric Society. Formerly, he was a member of Immunization Task Force, Growth and Development – Social Pediatric Working Group.
Gunardi’s clinical research areas focus on growth and development of children and adolescent, immunization, Hepatitis B infection in children, efficacy of Hepatitis B vaccination in teenagers and HBsAg prevalence in pregnant women. He was the principal investigator of DTP-HB-Hib vaccine for primary and booster dose in Jakarta area. He has attended several courses in pediatrics, clinical epidemiology and immunization. Moreover, he has been invited as speaker at various national and international symposia.
Wresti Indriatmi
Wresti Indriatmi, MD, PhD, FINSDV, FAADV, is a specialist in Dermatology and Venereology, graduated from Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. Indriatmi has been teaching and practicing since 1995 until now at Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, the top national referral hospital in Jakarta. She has been teaching dermatology and venereology, medical communication, and research methods. Practiced as a specialist in the field of dermatovenereology, she also finished her Doctorate program in 2011 at Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. She was active in Indonesian STI study group, as a member of International Union of Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI), a member of European Association for Communication in Healthcare (EACH) and American Sexually Transmitted Disease Association (ASTDA).
Soedjatmiko Soedjatmiko
Professor Soedjatmiko, MD, PhD, MSc, is a pediatrician graduated from Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta (1992), Master of Science in Child and Developmental Psychology (2003), Consultant in Growth, Developmental and Behavior Pediatrics (2003), Doctor in Pediatrics (2015) and Professor in Pediatrics (2018),
He works as lecturer and researcher in Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and as clinical pediatrician in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta, since 1993. He assumed the position of Secretary General of Indonesia Pediatric Society (IPS) in 1999–2002, and Vice President of IPS in 2002-2008.
Soedjatmiko now hold the position as the Secretary of Immunization Task Force in Indonesia Pediatrics Society (2010–2021), member of Indonesia Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (since 2009), member of Growth-Development & Behavior Pediatrics Working Group in Indonesia Pediatric Society (since 1993), member of The Iron Deficiency Anemia Task Force in Indonesia Pediatric Society (since 2012) and member of International Society for Social Pediatrics & Child Health (since 2018). He had some publication in growth, development and behavior pediatrics, in vaccine and immunization which were published in national dan international medical journal.
Rini Sekartini
Professor Rini Sekartini, MD, PhD, is a pediatrician. Graduated from Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta (1990), Consultant in Growth, Developmental and Behavior Pediatrics (2006), Doctor degree in Pediatrics (2008), and Professor in Paediatrics (2017). Currently as a lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and a pediatrician at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta. Duties as a lecturer are also carried out for students of Master of Nutrition, Sports Medicine, Nursing, and the midwife academy.
Apart from being a lecturer, she is also active as a researcher. Research topics that are mostly carried out are related to child growth and development, new vaccine trials, and nutrition in infants and children in healthy children at the community. The research has been published in national and international journals, with high H-index and citations, as well as student guidance is related to public health, doctoral fields of biomedics, and nutrition. Furthermore, she is also serving in the structural field at the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, and becoming the chairman of Indonesia Pediatric Society of Jakarta branch.
Bernie E. Medise
Bernie Endyarni Medise, MD, MPH, PhD finished her medical school, pediatric residency, and Growth and Development – Social Pediatrics consultant at Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. She also received Master of Public Health from University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA through USAID scholarship program in 2011–2012. In 2021, she received doctoral degree from Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. She is now medical lecturer at Growth and Development – Social Pediatric Division, Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Currently, she is in her second time as Chairwoman of Adolescent Task Force, Indonesian Pediatric Society. She is also member of Growth and Development – Social Pediatric Working Group of Indonesian Pediatric Society, and National Committee of Adverse Event Following Immunization. She has conducted not only research on child health but also several vaccine clinical trials and published her work in several international journals. She also has published several books about child developmental and adolescent health for health professionals and lay people.
Achmad Rafli
Achmad Rafli, MD, is a graduate of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. He trained for general practitioner and pediatrician both at Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia. Nowadays, he is training in Pediatric Neurology at the same university.
Rafli has been practicing for pediatric medicine since 2019, at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, the top national referral hospital in Jakarta. He is board certified in pediatric medicine.
Nia Kurniati
Nia Kurniati, MD, is a Consultant Pediatrician in Allergy and Immunology at Department of Child Health at Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, the top national referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Kurniati received her MD, specialist degree, and consultant in Pediatrics from Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. She is currently the Treasurer of Indonesian College of Pediatrics, and the Secretary of Allergy and Immunology Working Group of Indonesian Pediatric Society. She is also the member of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Task Force of Indonesian Pediatric Society. Kurniati’s clinical research interests focus on allergy and immunology, HIV. Furthermore, she is also active as a speaker regarding pediatrics at numerous seminar and symposia.