Gestational Age at Enrollment and Continued Substance Use Among Pregnant Women in Drug Treatment

ABSTRACT

Substance use during pregnancy is associated with poor obstetrical and neonatal outcomes. Although intervention for substance use including alcohol improves pregnancy outcomes, a substantial number of women continue to use drugs or consume alcohol during treatment. To determine whether gestational age at entry into treatment (specifically first trimester enrollment) was associated with lower risk of continued substance use, we analyzed the North Carolina Treatment Outcomes and Program Performance System, an administrative database of drug treatment clinics, between 2000 and 2004. There were 847 pregnant women using substances who met our inclusion criteria. Demographic and other risk factor data were collected. We conducted logistic regression and a Generalized Estimating Equation analysis. Gestational age at enrollment was not associated with continued substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51, 1.51). Women who had child care provided, were less likely to continue substance use (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.48, 0.84), whereas those referred from the criminal justice system were more likely to continue (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.01, 2.30). Although earlier gestational age at enrollment in treatment does not predict greater abstinence at any time point, this data does suggest that the provision of childcare may improve treatment success.

KEYWORDS:

• Pregnancy
• Generalized Estimating Equation Analysis
• drug and alcohol treatment

Acknowledgments

This data was previously presented at the American Society of Addiction Medicine Annual Conference, April 2007, Miami, Florida.

The authors thank Carol Porter, who assisted with the initial data merging and management. The authors would also like to thank Marge Cawley and Gail Craddock at NDRI (National Development and Research Institutes, Inc.) for providing the data.

Notes

^a Other includes amphetamines, methamphetamines, hallucinogens, and prescription medicines such as oxycontin.

^a Odds for women entering treatment less than 12 completed weeks gestation.

^b Odds for women with any type of health insurance vs. no health insurance.

^c Odds for women with at least a high school diploma or equivalent.

^a Odds for women entering treatment less than 12 completed weeks gestation.

^b Odds for women with any type of health insurance vs. no health insurance.

^c Odds for women with at least a high school diploma or equivalent.

^a Odds for women entering treatment at less than 12 completed weeks gestation.

^b Odds for women with any type of health insurance vs. no health insurance.

^c Odds for women with at least a high school diploma or equivalent.

*Interaction term between month and trimester.