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Notes
1. For histories of the restored Stuarts that omit mention of the Narborough expedition, see McCarl Citation2015, 407n11. For literary and historiographical texts on piracy that mention the Enriques Clerque story, see McCarl Citation2015, 406–7 and 407n10. For the name ‘Carlos Enriques Clerque,’ see McCarl Citation2015, 406n1.
2. In a recent article (2015), I built on the work that Peter Bradley (Citation1986; Citation1989, 86–102; 1999, 434–42), José Miguel Barros (Citation1988) and others have done on this episode, considering specifically the mysterious figure of Carlos Enriques Clerque, the apparent instigator of the voyage. In doing so, I focused on the version of the story that Francisco de Seyxas y Lovera provided in his 1693 history Piratas y contrabandistas (first published in 2011). In the present study, I draw upon sources that scholars have considered previously, as well as additional archival material, housed primarily in the General Archive of the Indies.
3. For these expeditions, see Williams Citation1997, 13–46; Lane Citation1998, 40–57; Bradley Citation1999, 342–406.
4. AGI Lima 71, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 1 Feb. 1670 (‘Que hiço publicar’). When citing individual, untitled documents in AGI, I provide, as here, the first few words, which in most cases correspond to the summary written in the left margin of the document. In all these citations, and in all others from manuscript sources, I respect the spelling of the original texts, expanding abbreviations and regularizing the use of h in square brackets.
5. AGI Lima 71, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 1 Feb. 1670 (‘Que en cumplim[ien]to’).
6. AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 24 Jan. 1671 (‘Da q[uen]ta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de haver tenido’) and 27 Jan. 1671 (‘Remite copia del despacho’); and AGI Lima 72, Mariana of Austria to Count of Lemos, 12 Oct. 1671 (‘Escribase al Virrey’). The assertion that twelve ships, instead of one, had been sighted, apparently emerged from the questioning of two indigenous people who had claimed that twelve European ships had been seen at Chiloe six months previously. See AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio de los autos’ (hereafter, ‘Testimonio,’ duplicated in AGI Lima 73, ‘Autos continuados’), 104v–13r.
7. See AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 14 Feb. 1671 (‘Da quentta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de las noticias’; AGI Lima 72 contains two copies). For his entire account of the Valdivia episode, see AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 28 Mar. 1671 (‘Señora, estando este reyno’).
8. The primary sources for the expedition itself are the journal, published in abbreviated form in the period (Narborough Citation1969 [1694]), and two manuscripts—a partial copy in the Bodleian Library (Rawlinson MS A. 318) and a more extensive version in the British Library (BL Add. MS 88980). In addition to the Narborough journals, at least three others exist: the aforementioned text by Richard Williams (Royal Society, CI.-ui-32), and those of J. Wood (BL Sloane MS 3833, 3–26; published in Hacke Citation1993 [1669]) and Nathanael Peckett (BL Sloane MS819). The National Archives possess the following, which shed light on Enriques Clerque’s planning of the expedition: a 1669 letter from English diplomat Robert Southwell (TNA, SP 89/10, f. 94r/v) and a collection of proposals (TNA, CO1/33, 103c–e) written by Enriques Clerque. For a detailed description of the latter, see McCarl Citation2015, 411n26. Enriques Clerque’s own explanation of the voyage to the Count of Lemos and his testimony, along with that of the other English prisoners taken at Valdivia—contained primarily in AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio’— are also key sources. With assistance from my collaborators at coloniaLab, I am currently preparing for online publication transcriptions of many of these sources, along with various others, as part of the ongoing project Carlos Enriques Clerque and the Narborough Expedition to Chile (1669–1671): A Critical Edition of Essential Documents.
9. See Archivo Histórico (Madrid), Diversos-Colecciones, 27, n.41, also included in AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 55r–78r. Enriques Clerque mentions this letter in his deposition in Valparaíso, AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 7v.
10. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 8r. His reluctance to explain his journey to Henríquez is suggested in Torres’s testimony, 24v–25r.
11. Enriques Clerque and Montero himself explain this in AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 8v and 22v, respectively.
12. Enriques Clerque answers questions related to his stay in Montero’s home in AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 8v–10v, and 17v. For the testimony of Montero, dated 16 Feb. 1671, see AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 22v–23v. For that of Torres, without date, see 23v–25v.
13. Before the Count of Lemos assumed the viceroyalty in 1667, the Audience, governing in the interim, had carried out a process against Meneses. See AGI Lima 71, report on the state of the kingdom from the Audience to the Count of Lemos, 29 Apr. 1669, 22v–25v; the Count of Lemos’s responses, in AGI Lima 71, ‘Advertencias’ [1669], 5v–6r; AGI Lima 71, ‘Advertencias,’ 24 Apr. 1669, 11v; the Count of Lemos’s report to the Mariana of Austria, AGI Lima 72, 8 May 1671 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de la contravención’), with accompanying documents; and AGI Lima 72, testimony of Pedro de Quessada, 18 May 1672 (‘Yo, don Pedro de Quessada’). For the possible connection between Enriques Clerque and Meneses, see Bradley Citation1986, 467; Gil Citation1989, 297–300; and McCarl Citation2015, 412. The most comprehensive studies of Meneses’s case to date appear to be Barros Arana Citation1999 [1885], 59–103 and Berger Citation2006; 180–83. Berger (182–85) discusses Enriques Clerque briefly in the context of the Meneses story.
14. Such an idea would seem to be partially corroborated by Tomás de la Iglesia’s comment that while the Sweepstakes was a Crown ship, the Batchelour was privately owned. See AGI Lima 73 ‘Testimonio,’ 22r–23v, 103v.
15. See AGI Lima 73 ‘Testimonio,’ 23v–25v, which along with the testimony of Torres includes a transcription of a brief and elliptical letter supposedly written by Enriques Clerque to Meneses’s wife.
16. For the commission given to Cárdenas, see AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 1r–3r. For his questioning of the prisoners, see AGI Lima 73 ‘Testimonio,’ 3r–19r (Enriques Clerque); 25v–27v (Tomás de la Iglesia); 27v–31r (Arminger); and 31r–35r (Fortiscue).
17. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 16r–17r, 30r. Such a claim appears to be at least an exaggeration; the English sought water and firewood, but none of the three versions of Narborough’s journal suggests they were short of food, nor does the testimony of Fortescue or Arminger.
18. See AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 28 Mar. 1671 (‘Señora, estando este reyno’), 9r; and statements by Enriques Clerque in AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 8v–10v, 16r–18r and 47r–48r. Questions aimed at discovering a connection between the expedition and Meneses were also directed to Arminger and Fortescue; see AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 30r, 34r. Enriques Clerque’s claims of hunger on board the Sweepstakes are contradicted by Fortescue, Arminger and Pedro de Montoya in AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 88r, 94r and 120r, respectively. The testimony suggests that the authorities only confronted him directly regarding the testimony of Torres, not that of Montero.
19. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 11v–12r.
20. AGI Lima 103, Audience of Lima to Mariana of Austria, 8 Apr. 1671 (‘El cavildo y regimiento’); Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 13 May 1672 (‘Remite certificationes de los gastos’).
21. See McCarl Citation2015, 411n26.
22. AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 1 May 1671 (‘Remite copia de la declaracion’); AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio’ 35v–38v (Enriques Clerque); 38v–42r, 49v–55r; 78v–83r, 99v–104r (Tomás de la Iglesia); 84r–89r, 97r–98v (John Fortescue); 90r–97r (Thomas Arminger).
23. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 38v–55r.
24. The residencia was not completed, however, until 1676. See AGI Escribanía 937A–C, 938A–C.
25. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 47v. Tomás de la Iglesia and Fortescue both recall this assertion by Enriques Clerque; see AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 80r and 86r, respectively.
26. See testimony of Tomás de la Iglesia, AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 80r.
27. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 99r.
28. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 30r, 34r.
29. AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 87r, 88r.
30. See AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ 88r/v (Arminger) and 96r (Fortescue).
31. See AGI Lima 73, ‘Testimonio,’ Lima; AGI Lima 72, Mariana of Austria to Count of Lemos, 29 Dec. 1671 (‘El Conde de Molina’).
32. AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 15 May 1672 (‘Embiando las cartas’), and the accompanying documents, which include a note from Francisco Gracian Veruguete, 9 Nov. 1672, remitting translations of English letters (‘S[eño]r mio remito’); and letters from Fortescue, Arminger and Enriques Clerque.
33. See the following dispatches from the Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria in AGI Lima 72: 14 Apr. 1671 (‘Remite memoria de las armas’), 29 Apr. 1671 (‘Refiere los motibos’), 31 July 1671 (‘Da quenta de quedar publicado’), 1 Aug. 1671 (‘Dice lo que se lo ofrece’), 8 Aug. 1671 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d como remite’), 27 May 1672 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de haver pedido’), 13 Aug. 1672 (‘Dando quenta de la necesidad’). See also AGI Lima 72, Alvaro de Ybarra to Count of Lemos, n.d. (‘Preguntasse si el Ex[celentisi]mo S[eño]r Conde’).
34. AGI Lima 72, Count of Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 29 May 1672 (‘Da quenta de remitir a la casa’).
35. She had requested that prisoners sent to Lima by the president of the Audience of Panama be remitted to Spain. See AGI Lima 72, Lemos to Mariana of Austria, 1 Sept. 1671 (‘Responde a la cedula de V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d’).
36. AGI Lima 72, note to the Casa de la Contratación regarding the English prisoners, 11 Apr. 1673 (‘Escribase a la casa’).
37. See AGI Lima 73, Audience of Lima to Mariana of Austria, 17 Apr. 1673 (‘Responde a la cedula tocante a D[o]n Carlos’). This attempt to remit the prisoners through Panama is noted by Seyxas y Lovera (Citation2011, 150).
38. See AGI Lima 73, Audience of Lima to Mariana of Austria, 7 Dec. 1672 (‘Da q[uen]ta de la muerte’).
39. See the following dispatches from Audience of Lima to Mariana of Austria: AGI Lima 103, 2 Apr. 1671 (‘La dedsgraciada perdida’) and 8 Apr. 1671 (‘El cavildo y regimiento’); AGI Lima 73, 4 Apr. 1673 (‘Refiere el perjuiçio’), 6 Apr. 1673 (‘Da quenta de la novedad’), 10 June 1673 (‘Representa la nota’). Most, if not all, of these issues were to later be addressed by his eventual successor. See AGI Lima 73 ‘Indice,’ 10 June 1675, and AGI Lima 75, Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria, 24 June 1676 (‘En respuesta de la R[ea]l cedula’).
40. See AGI Lima 72, Mariana of Austria to the Count of Lemos, 30 Dec. 1671 (‘el Conde de Molina embajador’) and the following dispatches from Audience of Lima to the queen regent in AGI Lima 73: 7 Dec. 1672 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de las notiçias’), 28 Feb. 1673 (‘Refiere las noticias que se participaron’), 5 Apr. 1673 (‘Refiere las prevenciones’), 7 Apr. 1673 (‘Responde a la cedula de V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d cerca de las armas’), 8 Apr. 1673 (‘Responde a la cedula de V[uestra] Mag[esta]d de 27 de junio’), 10 Apr. 1673 (‘Dice las diligenz[ia]s que ha [h]echo’), 17 Apr. 1673 (‘Responde a la cedula tocante a D[o]n Carlos’), 3 June 1673 (‘Remite certificationes del presidio’), 12 June 1673 (‘da quenta de las noticias’), and 12 June 1673 (‘Refiere las ordenes que ha dado’), among others. Bradley noted a possible connection between Enriques Clerque and Peñalosa Briceño (1986, 470–71; 1989, 98). For Peñalosa, see Basadre Citation1935.
41. See AGI Lima 73, Juan Henríquez to Count of Castellar, 6 Dec. 1674 (‘Señor tengo hecho despacho’), which is the first document in a dossier of related materials remitted to Spain (AGI Chile, 23.r.2, n.83 appears to be another copy of that collection).
42. See Barros Arana Citation1999, 154.
43. See AGI Lima 73, ‘Declaraciones que se tomaron en Lima,’ 21 Apr. 1675.
44. See AGI Lima 73, Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria, 28 Apr. 1675 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajested] de las noticias que ha tenido’).
45. AGI Lima 74, Count of Castellar to Carlos II, 15 July 1676 (‘En respuesta de la zedula’); AGI Lima 77, Count of Castellar to Carlos II, 20 Apr. 1678 (‘En resp[ues]ta de la cedula que motivo’).
46. See also AGI Lima 73, ‘Relazion del sargento m.r D. B.me Gallardo,’ 8 May 1675; and the two following indexes, both of which record dispatches indicating that the news of the English settlements was found to be false, AGI Lima 73, 6 Feb. 1677; and AGI Lima 74, 13 Mar. 1676; as well as the following dispatches from the Count of Castellar to Carlos II: AGI Lima 75, 15 July 1676 (‘En galeones y por la via’) and 20 Dec. 1676 (‘A los depachos que tiene remitidos’); AGI Lima 77, 20 Apr. 1678 (‘Responde al R[ea]l despacho en que V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d’).
47. For an example of how the Crown’s inquiries prompted much of this communication, see AGI Lima 73, Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria, n.d. (‘Responde al despacho de V[uestra] M[ajestad]’).
48. See the following dispatches from Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria: AGI Lima 73, n.d. (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] del estado en que quedan’), 28 Jan. 1675 (‘Informa a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d lo mal asistido’), 28 Jan. 1675 (‘Da cuenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de lo obrado’), 2 Feb. 1675 (‘Da cuenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d haverse resulto’), 14 Feb. 1675 (‘Da cuenta de haver nombrado’), and 18 Mar. 1675 (‘Da quenta de la antizipacion’). See as well the following dispatches from Count of Castellar to Carlos II: AGI Lima 74, 10 Mar. 1676 (‘Haviendose entendido a un mismo t[iem]po’), 19 July 1676 (‘Responde a la zedula sobre la represalia’); AGI Lima 75, 28 Sept. 1676 (‘responde a la zedula que reifere las noticias’) and 23 Dec. 1676 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de la entrada’); AGI Lima 76, 4 July 1676 (‘Responde a la zedula cerca de las diez mil’); Lima 77, 12 Feb. 1678 (‘Responde a la cedula sobre la falta’), 18 Feb. 1678 (‘Responde a la real cedula sobre agregar’), 12 Apr. 1678 (‘En respuesta de cedula de V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d’), 20 Apr. 1678 (‘Responde al R[ea]l despacho en que V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d’), 24 Apr. 1678 (‘en resp[ues]ta de dos cedulas sobre la defensa’); AGI Lima 78, 27 Feb. 1678 (‘En respuesta de la cedula sobre los excesos’), 27 Feb. 1678 (‘Da quenta de las noticias que le participo’), and ‘Indize de los despachos,’ 27 Feb. 1678.
49. AGI Lima 76, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 24 agosto 1678 (‘Avisa a V[uestra] M[ajestad] de la Paz’); and AGI Lima 78, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 24 Aug. 1678, (‘Avisa a V[uestra] M[ajestad] de el estado de el reyno’), accompanied by Count of Castellar to Liñán y Cisneros, 4 Aug. 1678.
50. AGI Lima 76, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 27 Aug. 1678 (‘Avisa a V[uestra] M[ajestad] del estado’). AGI Lima 78, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 24 Aug. 1678 (‘Da q[uen]ta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] de el estado’). A financial matter related to fines paid by Meneses is later mentioned in AGI Lima 81, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 26 July 1681 (‘En repuesta de la r[ea]l cedula’).
51. AGI Lima 81, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 15 Aug. 1681 (‘Responde a la real cedula y copias’).
52. AGI Lima 81, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 9 Aug. 1681 (‘Da quenta de haver hecho’).
53. AGI Lima 77, Conde de Castellar to Carlos II, 10 July 1678.
54. See AGI Lima 73 Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria, 8 Jan. 1675 and 28 Jan. 1675; AGI Lima 74, Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria, 15 July 1676 and 19 July 1676; AGI Lima 77, Count of Castellar to Mariana of Austria, 20 Mar. 1678. Such a concern about foreigners, including those who passed for Spaniards, is a central theme in the writing of Seyxas y Lovera—see McCarl Citation2011, xxxviii; 2014, n.p.; 2015, 413—and is validated by such texts as that of Acarrete de Biscay 1672 [1943] and Gregorio de Robles Citation1980.
55. AGI Lima 78, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 30 Oct. 1680 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] de la victoria’) and 27 Dec. 1680 (‘Expresa los motivos que tuvo’).
56. See AGI Lima 79, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 2 Mar. 1679 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] Mag[esta]d aver salido’) 2 Mar. 1679 (‘Avisa a V[uestra] Mag[esta]d el recivo’), 23 Sept. 1679 (‘Refiere haver remitido a Panama’) and 20 Nov. 1679 (‘Dize que en ejecucion’).
57. See AGI Lima 79, ‘Indice de los despachos,’ 18 Jan. 1681; and the following dispatches from Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II in AGI Lima 79: 7 July 1680 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] de haver’), 9 Dec. 1680 (‘Da q[uen]ta a V[uestra] Mag[esta]d de las diligencias’); 20 Dec. 1680 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajesta]d con certificacion’) and 20 Dec. 1680 (‘En respuesta de la r[ea]l cedula’). For the Sharp expedition, see Bradley Citation1989, 103–27; Lane 1989, 134–42. The primary contemporary source is Exquemelin Citation1992 [1684–1685], 289–475.
58. See the following dispatches from Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II in AGI: Lima 78, 30 Aug. 1678 (‘Ynforma a V[uestra] M[ajesta]d de lo que toca’); Lima 79, 10 Apr. 1679 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] Mag[esta]d de las continuas’); Lima 79, 14 Jan. 1681 (‘Remite certificaciones de las armas’; with another copy in AGI Lima 81); Lima 79, 20 Dec. 1680 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] con certificacion’); Lima 80, 16 May 1680 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de haver ensanchado’); Lima 81, 12 Jan. 1681 (‘En respuesta de la real cedula’); Lima 81, 16 June 1681 (‘En respuesta de la r[ea]l cedula’); Lima 81, 7 Aug. 1681 (‘En respuesta de la r[ea]l cedula en que se le manda’); Lima 81, 14 Aug. 1681 (‘El arzob[is]po virrey del Peru’); Lima 81, 21 Aug. 1681 (‘En respuesta de las reales cedulas’); Lima 81, 10 Sept. 1681 (‘Da quenta de los aprestos’); Lima 81, 20 Sept. 1681 (‘Da q[uen]ta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] de que [h]aviendo’). See also AGI Lima 79, ‘Indice de los despachos,’ 18 Jan. 1681; and the general descriptions of actions taken in the aftermath of the Sharp invasion, in the following dispatches from Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II in AGI Lima 79: 16 Jan. 1681 (‘Dize que en la fregata’) and 14 Jan. 1681 (‘Remite certificaciones de las armas’).
59. AGI Lima 81, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 20 May 1681 (‘Dize que se publico’).
60. AGI Lima 84, Duke of la Palata to the Carlos II, 12 Feb. 1685 (‘Satisface al real despacho’).
61. AGI Lima 81, Duke of la Palata to Carlos II, 4 dec. 1681 (‘En continuazion de mi viaje’), 4 Dec. 1681 (‘Obedeziendo a V[uestra] M[ajestad]’).
62. AGI Lima 81, Duke of la Palata to Carlos II, 18 Nov. 1682 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[ajestad] del estado’).
63. AGI Lima 81, Liñán y Cisneros to Carlos II, 16 July 1681 (‘Dize [h]a remitido a la Real’).
64. See Barros Arana Citation1999, 159 and López Citation1682.
65. One seems to have died earlier. For the confusion over the exact identities of those executed in 1682, see Barros Arana Citation1999, 159n37; and Bradley Citation1989, 97–98; 1999, 441n20.
66. I find no information about the sentencing of the other prisoners in the pareceres de la Audiencia de Lima for this period, in AGI Lima 103, 104A and 104B.
67. AGI Lima 82, Duke of la Palata to Carlos II, 20 Nov. 1682 (‘Da quenta a V[uestra] M[a]g[esta]d de q[ue] se fenecieron’) López appears to have printed other decisions, too, such as Parecer del doctor don Ivan Lvis Lopez del Consejo de S. M. Alcalde del Crimen … (Lima, 1682).
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Clayton McCarl
Clayton McCarl is an associate professor of Spanish at the University of North Florida. His research on the textual products of Early Modern maritime expansion has appeared in the journals Book History, Colonial Latin American Review, Quaerendo, and Scholarly Editing, as well as in the collection Latin American Textualities (University of Arizona Press), edited by Heather J. Allen and Andrew W. Reynolds.