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Abstract
Research on social values of the Russian population usually is based on dominant or average values as reflected in public opinion surveys. The research reported in this article takes a different approach, looking not at averages but at how differences in values are distributed throughout the society. This shows a more complex picture, and one that is changing with each new generation.
Notes
1. The first two authors conducted the research presented here at the National Research University Higher School of Economics in 2015 as part of the Program for Basic Research. The authors wish to express their gratitude to M.S. Fabrikant for her valuable comments and suggestions.
2. Here and elsewhere we use “type” and “class” synonymously.
3. In an updated model, the number of values has grown to 19 (Schwartz et al., Citation2012).
4. The European Social Survey (ESS) is an international project for which the results are publicly available. The project website is www.europeansocialsurvey.org. In Russia, the European Social Survey has been conducted by the Institute for Comparative Social Research since 2006. The national coordinator is A.V. Andreenkova (www.ess-ru.ru). A web page titled “Weighting European Social Survey Data, 2014” provides information about how ESS data is weighted: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/methodology/ESS_weighting_data_1.pdf.
5. I.M. Kliamkin and B.G. Kapustin have addressed the differences between the two types of individualistic values (1994).
6. For a more in-depth exploration of this see Magun and Rudnev (Citation2015b).
7. The ESS scale goes in the opposite direction, from 1, “very much like me,” to 6, “not at all like me.” In this article the order was reversed so that the highest value corresponds to the higher level of importance of the corresponding value.
8. Feminine pronouns were used for female respondents.
9. Our analysis was performed using Mplus (Linda K. Muthén and Bengt O. Muthén, Mplus User’s Guide, 6th ed., Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén, 2010). In the earlier studies mentioned above that we were involved in, we constructed an individual values classification using a more primitive procedure, k-means clustering. This explains the differences between the current typology and the one previously described.
10. Norris and Davis (Citation2007) have successfully used a similar classification system.
11. In strict statistical terms, this would be described as a partial invariance.
12. See “Weighting European Social Survey Data”: https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/methodology/ESS_weighting_data_1.pdf
13. Intra-country distributions ( and ) take into account the fact that including respondents in a particular class based on latent class analysis rests on probability estimates. In other words, respondents are characterized based on the distribution of probabilities that they will fall into a particular class. Data have been weighted using design weight.
14. We used the per capita GDI indicator measured using the World Bank Atlas method for international dollars (World Bank DataBank, 2015).
15. The following and several other questions that figure in were not included in the basic ESS questionnaire: “Before you is a list of qualities that you could instill in your family’s children. Which of them, if any, are the most important in your opinion? You can select up to five qualities.”
16. A number of Russian sociologists have explored people’s various resources or capital as an important social feature: see, for example, Iadov (Citation2001), Radaev (Citation2003), Tikhonova (Citation2006), and Shkaratan et al. (Citation2003).
17. See the table in Rudnev, Magun, and Schmidt (Forthcoming, Appendix 3, p. 40).
18. Sobornost’, an untranslatable term, is associated with Slavophile philosophy and refers to the idea of a special spiritual bond among Slavic peoples and their inclination toward cooperation over individualism.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Vladimir Magun
Vladimir Samuilovich Magun is at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Science, and the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Maksim Gennad’evich Rudnev is at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Science, and the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Peter Schmidt is at the Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
Maksim Rudnev
Vladimir Samuilovich Magun is at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Science, and the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Maksim Gennad’evich Rudnev is at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Science, and the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Peter Schmidt is at the Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
Peter Schmidt
Vladimir Samuilovich Magun is at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Science, and the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Maksim Gennad’evich Rudnev is at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Science, and the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Peter Schmidt is at the Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.