Russian Conservatism in Contemporary Russian Historiography

Abstract

Minakov offers an overview of the scholarly literature on Russian con- servatism, defines the main stages and scholarly schools, and outlines the most important directions for future research. The author identi- fies the most important monographs, research centers, and journals pertaining to the history of Russian conservatism.

Notes

1. A.N. Shebunin, evropeiskaia kontrrevoliutsiia v pervoi polovine XiX veka (Leningrad, 1925); Iu.V. Got’e, “K.P. Pobedonostsev i naslednik Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 1865–1881,” in Sbornik Publichnoi Biblioteki im V.i. lenina (Moscow, 1928), pt. 2; Got’e, “Bor’ba pravitel’stvennykh gruppirovok i manifest 29 aprelia 1881 g.,” istoricheskie zapiski, vol. 2 (1938); M. Stepanov, “Zhozef de Mestr v Rossii,” literaturnoe nasledstvo, vols. 29–30 (1937); K.P. Pobedo- nostsev i ego korrespondenty. Pis’ma i zapiski (Moscow and Petrograd, 1923), vol. 1: novum regnum, pt. 1: 1878–1883; “Pis’ma K.P. Pobedonostseva k gr. N.P. Ignat’evu,” Byloe, 1924, nos. 27–28; Pis’ma Pobedonostseva k aleksandru iii (Moscow, 1925), vol. 1; A.V. Bogdanovich, “Tri poslednikh samoderzhtsa,” in dnevnik (Moscow and Leningrad, 1924); A.F. Tiutcheva, “Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov,” in dnevnik (Moscow, 1929), pt. 2: 1855–1882; E.M. Feoktistov, Vospominaniia. Za kulisami politike i literatury, 1848–1896 (Leningrad, 1929); Soiuz russkogo naroda: Po materialam Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel’stva 1917 g. (Moscow and Leningrad, 1929); V. Desnitskii, “Iz istorii literaturnykh obshchestv nachala XIX v.: Zhurnaly ‘Besedy liubitelei russkogo slova,’” na literaturnye temy, bk. 2 (1936); and A.V. Zapadov, “Iz istorii ‘Besedy liubitelei russkogo slova,’” literaturny arkhiv, vol. 1 (1938).

2. Typical of this category is V.N. Bochkarev’s “Konservatory i natsionalisty v Rossii v nachale XIX veka,” in Otechestvennaia voina 1812 goda i russkoe obshchestvo (Moscow, 1911), vol. 2.

3. See G.V. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika Stalina: vlast’ i antisemitizm (Moscow, 2001), pp. 252–53.

4. Iu.M. Lotman and B.A. Uspenskii, “Spory o iazyke v nachale XIX veka kak fakt russkoi kul’tury,” uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta,pt. 358 (1975); Lotman, “Puti razvitiia russkoi prozy 1800–1810-kh gg.,” uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pt. 104 (1961); L.N. Kiselev, “Sistema vzgliadov S.N. Glinki (1807–1812 gg.),” uchenye zapiski Tartuskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, pt. 513 (1981); and Uspenskii, iz istorii russkogo literaturnogo iazyka XViii–nachala XiX veka. iazykovaia programma Karamzina i ee istoricheskie korni (Moscow, 1985). Works on Shishkov and the “Shishkovites” whose research approaches closely approximate those of works produced by M.G. Al’tshuller’s “Tartu school” were published outside Russia: M.G. Al’tshuller and I. Kalif, “ ‘Rassuzhdenie o starom i novom sloge rossiiskogo iazyka’ kak na politicheskii dokument (A.S. Shishkov i N.M. Karamzin),” in Russia and the West in the eighteenth Century, ed. A.G. Cross (Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners, 1983); M.G. Al’tshuller, Predtechi slavianofi ’stva v russkoi literature (Obshchestvo “Beseda liubitelei russkogo slova”) (Ann Arbor, MI: Ardis, 1984).

5. A.V. Predtechenskii, Ocherki obshchestvenno-politicheskoi istorii Rossii v pervoi chetverti XiX veka (Moscow and Leningrad, 1957).

6. P.A. Zaionchkovskii, Krizis samoderzhaviia na rubezhe 1870–1880-kh godov (Moscow, 1964); Zaionchkovskii, Rossiiskoe samoderzhavie v kontse XiX stoletiia (politicheskaia reaktsiia 80-kh–nachala 90-kh godov) (Moscow, 1970).

7. V.A. Tvardovskaia, ideologiia poreformennogo samoderzhaviia (M.n. Katkov i ego izdaniia) (Moscow, 1978).

8. A.L. Ianov, “Slavianofily i Konstantin Leont’ev,” Voprosy filosofii, 1969, no. 8; P.P. Gaidenko, “Naperekor istoricheskomu progressu (K. Leont’ev—literaturnyi kritik),” Voprosy literatury, 1974, no. 5; L.P. Avdeeva, “Problema ‘Rossiia i Evropa’ v vozzreniiakh N.I. Danilevskogo i K.N. Leont’eva,” Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Series 7: filosofiia, 1982, no. 3; R.P. Gal’tseva and I.B. Rodnianskaia, “Raskol v konservatorakh. F.M. Dostoevskii, Vl. Solov’ev, I.S. Aksakov, K.N. Leont’ev, K.P. Pobedonostsev v spore ob obshchestvennom ideale,” in neokonservatizm v stranakh Zapada. Sotsial’no-kul’turnye i filosofskie aspekty (Moscow, 1982), vol. 2; N.I. Tsimbaev, Slavianofil’stvo: iz istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi politicheskoi mysli XiX v. (Moscow, 1986); N.I. Kazakov, “Ob odnoi ideologicheskoi formule nikolaevskoi epokhi,” in Kontekst: literaturno- teoreticheskie issledovaniia (Moscow, 1989).

9. To cite only what are in my view the most significant works: A.F. Sivak, Konstantin leont’ev (Leningrad, 1991); A.A. Korol’kov, Prorochestvo Konstan- tina leont’eva (St. Petersburg, 1991); L.R. Avdeeva, Russkie mysliteli: ap.a. Grigor’ev, n.ia. danilevskii, n.n. Strakhov. filosofskaia kul’turologiia vtoroi poloviny XiX veka (Moscow, 1992); Iu. Pivovarov, “Karamzin i nachalo russkogo Prosveshcheniia,” Sotsium, 1993, nos. 26–27; T.V. Artem’eva, Mikhail Shcherba- tov (St. Petersburg, 1994); A.L. Zorin, “Ideologiia ‘pravoslaviia-samoderzhaviia- narodnosti’ i ee nemetskie istochniki,” in V razdum’iakh o Rossii (XiX vek) (Moscow, 1996); A.Iu. Polunov, Pod vlast’iu ober-prokurora. Gosudarstvo i tserkov’ v epokhu aleksandra iii (Moscow, 1996); E.Iu. Kondakov, “Lichnost’ i gosudarstvennaia deiatel’nost’ kniazia A.N. Golitsyna,” in lichnost’ i vlast’ v istorii Rossii XiX–XX vv. (St. Petersburg, 1997); Kondakov, arkhimandrit fotii (1792–1838) i ego vremia (St. Petersburg, 2000); S.I. Bazhov, filosofiia istorii n.ia. danilevskogo (Moscow, 1997); V.A. Fedorov, M.M. Speranskii i a.a. arakcheev (Moscow, 1997); P.I. Shlemin, M.O. Men’shikov: Mysli o Rossii (Moscow, 1997); V.I. Kosik, Konstantin leont’ev: Razmyshleniia na slavianskuiu temu (Moscow, 1997); O.V. Kuznetsov, R.a. fadeev, General i publitsist (Volgo- grad, 1998); Iu.D. Margolis, Kniga n.V. Gogolia “Vybrannye mesta iz perepiski s druz’iami.” Osnovnye vekhi istorii vospriiatiia (St. Petersburg, 1998); E.A. Dinershtein, a.S. Suvorin. Chelovek, sdelavshii kar’eru (Moscow, 1998); A.G. Altunian, “Politicheskie mneniia” Faddeia Bulgarina. Ideino-stilisticheskii analiz zapisok F.V. Bulgarina k Nikolaiu I (Moscow, 1998); E.L. Rudnitskaia, Poisk puti. Russkaia mysl’ posle 14 dekabria 1825 goda (Moscow, 1999); A.V. Repnikov, “esteticheskii amoralizm” v proizvedeniiakh K.n. leont’eva (Moscow, 1999); E. Liamina, “Novaia Evropa: mneniia ‘deiatel’nogo ochevidtsa.’ A.S. Sturdza v politicheskom protsesse 1810-kh godov,” in Rossiia—Russia. Kul’turnye praktiki v ideologicheskom perspektive. Rossiia, XViii–nachalo XX veka (Moscow and Venice, 1999); B.F. Egorov, apollon Grigor’ev (Moscow, 2000); E.V. Timoshina, Politiko-pravovaia ideologiia russkogo poreformennogo konservatizma: K.P. Pobedonostsev (St. Petersburg, 2000); D.M. Volodikhin, “Vysokomernyi stran- nik”: Filosofiia i zhizn’ Konstantina Leont’eva (Moscow, 2000); A.V. Bogdanov, Pochvennichesto. Politicheskaia filosofiia a.a. Grigor’eva, f.M. dostoevskogo, n.n. Strakhova (Moscow, 2001); N.V. Chernikova, “Kniaz’ Vladimir Petrovich Meshcherskii (k portretu russkogo konservatora),” Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2001, no. 4; I.E. Dronov, “Kniaz’ Vladimir Petrovich Meshcherskii,” Voprosy istorii, 2001, no. 10; B.P. Baluev, Spory o sud’bakh Rossii: n.ia. danilevskii i ego kniga “Rossiia i evropa” (Tver, 2001); D.A. Kotsiubinskii, Russkii natsionalizm v nachale XX stoletiia (Moscow, 2001); K.V. Sultanov, Sotsial’naia filosofiia n.ia. danilevskogo: Konfl interpretatsii (St. Petersburg, 2001); A.Iu. Minakov, “M.L. Magnitskii: K voprosu o biografii i mirovozzrenii predtechi russkikh pravoslavnykh konservatorov XIX veka,” in Konservatizm v Rossii i mire: Proshloe i nasto- iashchee. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov (Voronezh, 2001); Minakov, “‘Rassuzhdenie o starom i novom sloge rossiiskogo iazyka’A.S. Shishkova kak manifest russkogo konservatizma,” in evoliutsiia konservatizma: evropeiskaia traditsiia i russkii opyt. Materialy mezhdunarodnyi nauchnoi konferentsii. Samara, 26–29 aprelia 2002 (Samara, 2002); A.V. Belov, Kul’tura glazami filosofov-organitsistov (Rostov- on-Don, 2002); M.D. Dolbilov, “M.N. Murav’ev i osvobozhdenie krest’ian: Problema konservativno-biurokraticheskogo reformatorstva,” Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2002, no. 6; T.A. Volodina, “‘Russkaia istoriia’ S.N. Glinki i obshchest- vennye nastroeniia v Rossii nachala XIX v.,” Voprosy istorii, 2002, no. 4; N.I. Pavlenko, Mikhail Pogodin (Moscow, 2003); F.A. Petrov, Rossiiskie universitety pervoi poloviny XiX veka. formirovanie sistemy universitetskogo obrazovaniia (Moscow, 2003); V.S. Parsamov, Zhozef de Mestr i aleksandr Sturdza: iz istorii religioznykh idei aleksandrovskoi epokhi (Saratov, 2004); O.A. Milevskii, lev Tikhomirov: dve storony odnoi zhizni (Barnaul, 2004); and M.N. Luk’ianov, Rossiiskii konservatizm i reforma 1907–1914 (Perm, 2004).

10. N.K. Shil’der, imperator nikolai Pervyi. ego zhizn’ i tsarstvovanie (Moscow, 1997); Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, imperator aleksandr i (Moscow, 1999); A.N. Pypin, Religioznye dvizheniia pri aleksandre i (St. Pe- tersburg, 2000); and Pypin, Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii pri aleksandre i (St. Petersburg, 2001).

11. A.N. Tsamtalin, “Aleksandr Nikolaevich Pypin i ego trudy po istorii re- ligioznykh dvizhenii v Rossii v pervoi chetverti XIX v.,” in Pypin, Religioznye dvizheniia pri aleksandre i, p. 7.

12. Slavianofil’stvo i zapadnichestvo: Konservativnaia i liberal’naia utopiia v rabotakh andzheia Valitskogo [a study of Andrzej Walicki—Ed.] (Moscow, 1991), pt. 1: Referativnyi sbornik; E. Shatskii, utopiia i traditsiia (Moscow, 1990); K. Mankheim [Karl Mannheim], “Konservativnaia mysl’,” in diagnoz nashego vremeni (Moscow, 1994); E.D. Smit [Anthony Smith], nationalizm i modernizm: Kriticheskii obzor sovremennykh teorii natsii i kapitalizma (Moscow, 2004); K. Girts [Clifford Geertz], interpretatsiia kul’tur (Moscow, 2004); and R.S. Uortman [Richard S. Wortman], Stsenarii vlasti: Mify i tseremonii russkoi monarkhii, 2 vols. (Moscow, 2004).

13. A. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla … Russkaia literatura i gosudarstven- naia ideologiia v poslednei treti XViii–pervoi treti XiX veka (Moscow, 2001), p. 16.

14. A.N. Mochkin, Paradoksy neokonservatizma: Rossiia i Germaniia v kontse XiX–nachale XX veka (Moscow, 1999); G.I. Musikhin, Rossiia v ne- metskom zerkale (sravnitel’nyi analiz germanskogo i rossiiskogo konservatizma) (St. Petersburg, 2002).

15. M.I. Degtiareva, “Zhozef de Mestr o rossiiskikh politicheskikh tradi- tsiiakh i perspektivakh reformatorstva v Rossii,” in issledovaniia po konservatizmu (Perm, 1997), pt. 4: Reformy: Politicheskie, sotsial’no-ekonomicheskie i pravo; Degtiareva, “Polemika Zhozefa de Mestra s S.S. Uvarovym,” in issledovaniia po konservatizmu (Perm, 1998), pt. 5: Politika i kul’tura v kontekste istorii: Deg- tiareva, “Dva kandidata na rol’ gosudarstvennogo ideologa: Zh. de Mestr i N.M. Karamzin,” in istoricheskie metamorfozy konservatizma (Perm, 1998).

16. Among the few exceptions are A.V. Repnikov, “Russkii konservatizm: vchera, segodnia, zavtra,” in Konservatizm v Rossii i mire; and Repnikov, “Sovremennaia istoriografiia rossiiskogo konservatizma,” in Konservatizm i tra- ditsionalizm na iuge Rossii (Rostov-on-Don, 2002). For a fairly complete listing of literature on Russian conservatism, see I.L. Belen’kii, “Konservatizm v Rossii XVIII–nachala XX v. (Bibliograficheskii obzor otechestvennykh issledovanii i publikatsii vtoroi poloviny XX v.),” Rossiia i sovremennyi mir, 2001, no. 4 (33); 2002, no. 1 (34); 2002, no. 2 (35); 2002, no. 3 (36); 2002, no. 4 (37); 2003, no. 2 (39); 2003, no. 3 (40); 2004, no. 1 (42).

17. “Konservatizm v Rossii. Kruglyi stol,” Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniia, 1993, no. 1; “Konservatizm kak techenie obshchestvennoi mysli i faktor obshchest- vennogo razvitiia. Materialy kruglogo stola,” Politicheskie issledovaniia, 1995, no. 4; “Russkii konservatizm: Problemy, podkhody, mneniia. Kruglyi stol,” Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2001, no. 2.

18. “Konservatizm v Rossii. Kruglyi stol,” p. 49.

19. B.M. Vitenberg, “Konservatizm v Rossii: Proshloe i budushchee (Obzor knig o russkom konservatizme),” novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2002, no. 58, p. 353.

20. V.A. Gusev, Russkii konservatizm: Osnovnye napravleniia i etapy razvitiia (Tver, 2001); P.Iu. Rakhshmir, “Tri konservativnye traditsii: Obshchee i osoben- noe,” in issledovaniia po konservatizmu (Perm, 1995), pt. 2: Konservatizm v poli- ticheskom i dukhovnom izmereniiakh; Rakhshmir, “Evoliutsiia konservativnogo reformizma,” in issledovaniia po konservatizmu (Perm, 1997), pt. 4: Reformy: politicheskie, sotsial’no-ekonomicheskie i pravo. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii; M.Iu. Chernavskii, Religiozno-filosofskie osnovy kon- servatizma v Rossii (Moscow, 2004); and A.N. Bokhanov, Samoderzhavie. ideia tsarskoi vlasti (Moscow, 2002).

21. See Konservatizm v Rossii i mire; evoliutsiia konservatizma; Rossiiskaia imperiia: Strategii stabilizatsii i opyty obnovleniia, ed. M.D. Karpachev, M.D. Dolbilov, and A.Iu. Minakov (Voronezh, 2004); and Konservatizm v Rossii i mire (Voronezh, 2004).

22. Rossiiskie konservatory (Moscow, 1997).

23. Ibid., p. 15.

24. Ibid., p. 16.

25. S.N. Pushkin, istoriosofi russkogo konservatizma XiX v. (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1998); A.S. Kartsov, Pravovaia ideologiia konservatizma (Moscow, 1999); A.V. Repnikov, Konservativnaia kontseptsiia russkoi gosudarstvennosti (Moscow, 1999). See also Repnikov, “Konservativnaia model’,” in Modeli ob- shchestvennogo pereustroistva Rossii XX vek, ed. V.V. Shelokhaev (Moscow, 2004).

26. V.Ia. Grosul, B.S. Itenberg, V.A. Tvardovskaia, K.F. Shatsillo, and R.G. Eimontova, Russkii konservatizm XiX stoletiia (Moscow, 2000).

27. Voprosy istorii, 2002, no. 3, pp. 161–65.

28. D.M. Volodikhin, “Bez gneva i pristrastiia o rossiiskikh konservatorakh,” in Rossiiskii konservatizm v literature i obshchestvennoi mysli XiX veka (Mos- cow, 2003).

29. A. Zorin, Kormia dvuglavogo orla; E.A. Vishlenkova, Zabotias’ o dushakh poddannykh: Religioznaia politika v Rossii pervoi chetverti XiX veka (Saratov, 2002); M.M. Shevchenko, Konets odnogo velichiia. Vlast’, obrazovanie i pechat- noe slovo v imperatorskoi Rossii na poroge Osvoboditel’nykh reform (Moscow, 2003); I.A. Khristoforov, “aristokraticheskaia” oppozitsiia Velikim reformam. Konets 1850–seredina 1870-kh gg. (Moscow, 2002); and Iu.I. Kir’ianov, Pravye partii v Rossii, 1911–1917 (Moscow, 2001). See also Kir’ianov, Russkoe sobranie, 1900–1917 (Moscow, 2003).

30. Vishlenkova, Zabotias’ o dushakh poddannykh, p. 9.

31. G.R. Derzhavin, Zapiski 1743–1812 (Moscow, 2000); Byt’ Rossii v bla- godenstvii i slave. Poslaniia velikim kniaz’iam, tsariam, politicheskim deiateliam o tom, kak uluchshit’ “gosudarstvennoe ustroenie” (Moscow, 2002); antisemitizm (Moscow, 2002); N.M. Karamzin, O drevnei i novoi Rossii. izbrannaia proza i publitsistika (Moscow, 2002); F.V. Rostopchin, Okh, frantsuzy! (Moscow, 1992);A.S. Sturdza, “Zapiska o nyneshnem polozhenii Germanii. Noiabr’ 1818,” in Rossiia—Russia.

32. N.V. Gogol’, Vybrannye mesta iz perepiski s druz’iami (Moscow, 1990); “Doklady ministra narodnogo prosveshcheniia S.S. Uvarova imperatora Niko- laiu I,” in Reka Vremeni (Kniga istorii i kul’tury) (Moscow, 1995), bk. 1; Vidok figliarin: Pis’ma i agenturnye zapiski f.V. Bulgarina v iii otdelenie (Moscow, 1998); and Bishop Filaret (Drozdov), izbrannye trudy. Pis’ma. Vospominaniia (Moscow, 2003).

33. N.Ia. Danilevskii, Rossiia i evropa (Moscow, 1991); Danilevskii, Gore pobediteliam. Politicheskie stat’i (Moscow, 1998); L.A. Tikhomirov, Monarkhi- cheskaia gosudarstvennost’ (St. Petersburg, 1992; Moscow, 1998); Tikhomirov, edinolichnaia vlast’ kak printsip gosudarstvennogo stroeniia (Moscow, 1993); Tikhomirov, Khristianstvo i politika (Moscow, 1999); K.N. Leont’ev, Vostok, Rossiia i Slavianstvo: filosofskaia i politicheskaia publitsistika. dukhovnaia proza (1872–1891) (Moscow, 1996); Leont’ev, Pozdniaia osen’ Rossii (Moscow, 2000); R.A. Fadeev, Kavkazskaia voina (Moscow, 2003); neizvestnyi nilus (Moscow, 1995); Archpriest Ioann Vostorgov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (St. Petersburg, 1995); A.G. Shcherbatov, “Obnovlennaia Rossiia” i drugie raboty (Moscow, 2002).

34. Petr Chaadaev: pro et contra (St. Petersburg, 1998); Konstantin leont’ev: pro et contra (St. Petersburg, 1995); Pobedonostsev: pro et contra (St. Petersburg, 1995); and Vekhi: pro et contra (St. Petersburg, 1998).

35. L.A. Tikhomirov, Religiozno-filosofskie osnovy istorii (Moscow, 1997); Tikhomirov, Kritiki demokratii. Stat’i iz zhurnala “Russkoe obozrenie” 1892– 1897 (Moscow, 1997); Tikhomirov, apologiia very i monarkhii (Moscow, 1999); Tikhomirov, Tserkovnyi sobor, edinolichnaia vlast’ i rabochii vopros (Moscow, 2003); N.I. Cherniaev, Mistika, idealy i poeziia russkogo samoderzhaviia (Mos- cow, 1998); P.E. Kazanskii, Vlast’ Vserossiiskogo imperatora (Moscow, 1999); M.O. Men’shikov, Pis’ma russkoi natsii (Moscow, 1999); P.E. Astaf’ev, filosofiia natsii i edinstvo mirovozzreniia (Moscow, 2000).

36. Pravye partii, 1905–1917. dokumenty i materialy (Moscow, 1998).

37. Issledovaniia po konservatizmu, pt. 1: Konservatizm v sovremennom mire (Perm, 1994); pt. 2: Konservatizm v politicheskom i dukhovnom izmereniiakh (Perm, 1995); pt. 3: Konservatizm i liberalizm: Sozvuchiia i dissonansy (Perm, 1996); pt. 4: Reformy: politicheskie, sotsial’no-ekonomicheskie i pravovye as- pekty (Perm, 1997); pt. 5: Politika i kul’tura v kontekste istorii (Perm, 1998); pt. 6: Konservatizm i tsivilizatsionnye vyzovy sovremennosti (Perm, 2003); and istoricheskie metamorfozy konservatizma (Perm, 1998).

38. Konservatizm: idei i liudi (Perm, 1998).

39. See E.V. Ivanova, “O seminare po problemam konservatizma v Rossiiskom fonde kul’tury,” Voprosy filosofii, 2001, no. 8.

40. See A.A. Shiriniants and A.G. Miachin, eds., Russkaia sotsial’no- politicheskaia mysl’ XiX–nachala XX veka: K.n. leont’ev (Moscow, 1995); D.V. Ermashov and A.A. Shiriniants, U istokov rossiiskogo konservatizma: N.M. Karamzin (Moscow, 1999); D.V. Ermashov, A.V. Prolubnikov, and A.A. Shiriniants, Russkaia sotsial’no-politicheskaia mysl’ XiX–nachala XX veka: l.a. Tikhomirov (Moscow, 1999); Bogdanov, Pochvennichestvo.

41. Russkaia sotsial’no-politicheskaia mysl’ XiX–nachala XX veka, p. 4.

42. Evoliutsiia konservatizma.

43. Rossiiskie konservatory.

44. See M.D. Dolbilov, M.D. Karpachev, and A.Iu. Minakov, “Protsessy modernizatsii v Rossii i Evrope: Sotsiokul’turnye, politicheskie i dukhovnye aspekty. Mezhdunarodnaia nauchnaia konferentsiia,” Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2003, no. 2.

45. Liberal’nyi konservatizm: istoriia i sovremennost’ (Moscow, 2001).

46. Konservatizm i traditsionalizm na iuge Rossii.

47. See f.i. Tiutchev (1803–1873) i problemy rossiiskogo konservatizma (Rostov-on-Don, 2004).

48. Rossiiskii konservatizm v literature i obshchestvennoi mysli XiX veka; Konservatizm i liberalizm: istoriia i sovremennye kontseptsii (St. Petersburg, 2002).

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A.Iu. MInAkov

Arkadii Iur’evich Minakov, Candidate of History, is director of the Voronezh State University Library and head of the Center for the Study of Conservatism.