The Russian Quality of Life, 1914–1917

Abstract

Contrary to the views of some historians, prices during the First World War rose faster than wage increases, leading to declining living standards and fueling popular unrest, thus contributing to the 1917 revolutions.

Notes

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17. Mironov, Blagosostoianie naseleniia, p. 274.

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27. Naselenie Rossii v XX veke, p. 50.

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30. Quoted from V.I. Binshtok and L.S. Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie i narodnoe zdravie (Moscow and Leningrad, 1929), p. 14.

31. R.M. Kabo, Potreblenie gorodskogo naseleniia Rossii (po materialam biudzhetnykh i vyborochnykh isledovanii) (Moscow, 1918), p. 35.

32. S.G. Strumilin, Na planovom fronte (1920–1930 gg.) (Moscow, 1958), pp. 40, 45.

33. E.K. Rozina, “Vyplata prodovol’stvennogo posobiia semeistvam nizhnikh chinov v Kamyshinskom i Tsaritsynskom uezdakh v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny,” in Voinskii podvig zashchitnikov otechestva: traditsii, preemstvennost’, novatsii. Materialy mezhregional’naia nauchno-prakticheskaia konferentsiia (Vologda, 2000), pt. 2, p. 289.

34. E.K. Maksimov and V.P. Totfalushin, Saratovskoe Povolzh’e v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (Saratov, 2007), p. 8.

35. Reguliruiushchie meropriiatiia pravitel’stvennoi i obshchestvennoi vlasti v khoziaistvennoi zhizni za vremia voiny (Petrograd, 1917), p. 27; A. Diks, Voina i narodnoe khoziaistvo: po opytu Germanii v mirovuiu voinu 1914–1919 gg. (Moscow, 1926), p. 68.

36. M.V. Os’kin, “Russkaia armiia i prodovol’stvennyi krizis v 1914–1917 gg.,” Voprosy istorii, 2010, no. 3, p. 146.

37. R.E. Vaisberg, Den’gi i tseni (podpol’nyi rynok v period “voennogo kommunizma”) (Moscow, 1925), p. 47.

38. Ermak (Tiumen), 28 July 1914, 6 January 1915.

39. Ocherki istorii Moskovskoi organizatsii KPSS, 1883–1965 (Moscow, 1966), p. 182.

40. Anfimov, Rossiiskaia derevnia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, p. 142.

41. N.D. Kondrat’ev, Rynok khlebov i ego regulirovanie vo vremia voiny i revoliutsii (Moscow, 1991), p. 146.

42. Ibid., pp. 344–45, 351.

43. P.I. Liashchenko, Istoriia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR, 4th ed. (Moscow, 1956), vol. 2: Kapitalizm, p. 647.

44. http://oao-gaz.ru/istoriya-nizhnego-novgoroda/24-nizhniy-novgorod-v-pervoy-mirovoy-voyne-nachalo-revolyucii.html.

45. Ia.A. Golubinov, “Prodovol’stvennyi vopros v Srednem Povolzh’e v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny” (abstract of Candidate of History diss., Samara State University, 2009), pp. 9–10.

46. Dvizhenie tsen na predmety massovogo potrebleniia v gody voiny (Samara, 1916), pt. 1, p. 10.

47. Statisticheskii obzor Orenburgskoi gubernii za 1910 god (Orenburg, 1911), pp. 41–42; Tseny na produkty sel’skogo khoziaistva na bazarakh Orenburgskoi gubernii za 1910 god (po soobshcheniiam dobrovol’nykh korrespondentov) (za aprel’ 1917 goda) (Orenburg, 1917), pp. 5–6.

48. See Tseny na produkty sel’skogo khoziaistva, pp. 2–3; V.F. Glukhovskii, “Razvitie khlebnoi torgovli na Iuzhnom Urale v kontse XIX–nachale XX veka i ee znachenie v prodovol’stvennom obespechenii naroda,” in Agrarnoe i prodovol’stvennoe razvitie Rossii v XVIII–XX vekakh: porogi bezopasnosti. Sbornik statei (Orenburg, 2008), p. 58.

49. M.A. Tolstaia, “V gody Pervoi mirovoi…,” in Stranitsy istorii Podmoskov’ia: uchebnoe posobie (Kolomna, 2001), pt. 3, pp. 39–40.

50. N.F. Tagirova, “Tseny na khleb v Srednem Povolzh’e v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny,” in Istoriki i istoriia v meniaiushchemsia mire: materialy konferentsii, posviashchennoi 110-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia professora E.I. Medvedeva (Samara, 2003), p. 72.

51. Russkii rubl’. Dva veka istorii, XIX–XX vv. (Moscow, 1994), p. 178.

52. Russkii rubl’, p. 179.

53. http://oao-gaz.ru/istoriya-nizhnego-novgoroda/24-nizhniy-novgorod-v-pervoy-mirovoy-voyne-nachalo-revolyucii.html.

54. Tomskii oblast’: istoricheskii ocherk (Tomsk, 1994), p. 226.

55. Volzhskii den’ (Samara), 1 January 1917.

56. Tomskii oblast’: istoricheskii ocherk, p. 224.

57. Quoted from M.P. Iroshnikov and A.Z. Vakser, Rossiia v XX veke: narod, vlast’, voiny, revoliutsii, obshchestvo (St. Petersburg, 2005), pp. 161–62.

58. “Bezhenskii vopros i obshchestvennye organizatsii v Rossii,” Obshchestvennyi vrach, 1916, no. 2, pp. 89–90; “Zhertvy velikoi evropeiskoi voiny,” Obshchestvennyi vrach, 1916, no. 2, p. 95; Pirogovskii s’’ezd vrachei i predstavitelei, vrachebno-sanitarnykh organizatsii zemstv i gorodov po vrachebno-sanitarnym voprosam v sviazi s usloviiam nastoiashchego vremeni, Petrograd, 13–18 aprelia 1916 g. (Zhurnaly i postavleniia) (Petrograd, 1916), pp. 35, 85.

59. Central State Archive of Samara Region, f. 3, op. 132, d. 58, l. 137.

60. Krott, “Sel’skoe khoziaistvo Zapadnoi Sibiri,” p. 107.

61. Volzhskii den’ (Samara), 11 January 1917.

62. See S.Iu. Shishkina, “Trudovye resursy kak faktor stabil’nosti ekonomicheskogo razvitiia sel’skogo khoziaistva Zaural’ia v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny,” Tiumenskii istoricheskii sbornik (Tiumen, 2002), pt. 5, p. 111.

63. Iu.P. Gorelov, “Priem bezhentsev v Sibiri v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny,” in Sibir’: XX vek (Kemerovo, 2002), pt. 4, pp. 66, 70.

64. N.L. Pushkareva and P.P. Shcherbinin, “Organizatsiia prizreniia semei nizhnikh chinov v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny,” Zhurnal issledovanii sotsial’noi politiki, vol. 3, no. 2 (2005), pp. 157–58; M.G. Lapaeva and A.P. Lapaev, Ekonomika Orenburgskoi oblasti (1743–2004 gg.) (Orenburg, 2006), p. 60; http://www.siberia-cossack.org/?pid=111.

65. http://www.siberia-cossack.org/?pid=111.

66. Volzhskii den’, 19 July 1917.

67. Pamiatnaia knizhka Samarskoi gubernii na 1916 god (Samara, 1916), p. 32 (separate pagination).

68. B.B. Veselovskii, Kommunal’noe khoziaistvo v tsifrakh i diagrammakh, 1917–1927 gg. (Moscow, 1928), p. 41.

69. M.A Bravina, “Povsednevnaia zhizn’ Simbirska v usloviiakh revoliutsii i grazhdanskoi voiny (1917–1922 gg.)”, (abstract of Candidate of History diss., Cheboksary, 2008), p. 15.

70. http://www.nadzor.ru/topics/improvement/diseases/current/448826 [“Account suspended” as of September 2016—Trans.].

71. Quoted from Ocherki istorii Moskovskoi organizatsii KPSS, p. 182.

72. A.N. Sysin, “Sanitarnye meropriatiia Vserossiiskogo Soiuza gorodov (s nachala voiny do 1 marta 1916 g.),” Isvestiia Vserossiiskogo Soiuza gorodov, 1916, nos. 29–30.

73. http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS/HISTORY/HEALTH/HEALTH.HTM [site not found in September 2016—Trans.].

74. http://www.nadzor.ru/topics/improvement/diseases/current/448826.

75. “Ulichnye besporiadki i vystupleniia rabochikh v Rossii: po dokumentam Departamenta politsii, 1914–fevral’ 1917 g.,” Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1995, no. 4, p. 93.

76. Novosibirsk. 100 let. Sobytiia. Liudi (Novosibirsk, 1993), pp. 99, 105.

77. O.V. Chudakov, “Sotsial’no-kul’turnaia deiatel’nost’ organov gorodskogo samoupravleniia v Zapadnoi Sibiri v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–fevral’ 1917 goda),” Kul’turologicheskie issledovaniia v Sibiri (Omsk), 2005, no. 3, pp. 70–71.

78. See V.A. Skubnevskii, “Obsledovanie pitaniia naseleniia Omska v 1916 g,” in Problemy istochnikovedeniia istorii Sibiri (Barnaul, 1992), pp. 125–26.

79. Arkhiv istorii truda v Rossii (Petrograd, 1923), bk. 9, pp. 58–59.

80. Trudy I Vserossiiskogo s’’ezda Sovetov narodnogo khoziaistva, 25 maia–4 iiunia 1918 g. (Stenograficheskii otchet) (Moscow, 1918), pp. 382–83.

81. “Biudzhet moskovskikh rabochikh,” Golos truda (Samara), 21 June 1916.

82. http://oao-gaz.ru/istoriya-nizhnego-novgoroda/24-nizhniy-novgorod-v-pervoy-mirovoy-voyne-nachalo-revolyucii.html.

83. S.G. Strumilin, Izbrannye proizvedeniia, 5 vols. [Moscow, 1964], vol. 3, pp. 374–75. In his Wages and Labor Productivity in Russian Industry, 1913–1922 [see note 84], however, Strumilin, however, put a worker’s average monthly wage in 1916 at 92 percent (p. 28).

84. Strumilin, Zarabotnaia plata i proizvoditel’nost’ truda v russkoi promyshlennosti v 1913–1922 gg. (Moscow, 1923), p. 14.

85. Trudy I Vserossiiskogo s’’ezda Sovetov narodnogo khoziaistva, pp. 382–83.

86. See Rabochii klass Sibiri v dooktiabr’skii period (Novosibirsk, 1982), pp. 374–76.

87. Samara Regional State Archive of Sociopolitical History, f. 3500, op. 1, d. 197, ll. 5–6, 11.

88. Binshtok, Kaminskii, Narodnoe pitanie i narodnoe zdravie, p. 54.

89. Voina i obshchestvo v XX veke, 3 bks. (Moscow, 2008), bk. 1: Voina i obshchestvo nakanune i v period Pervoi mirovoi voine, p. 140.

90. See O.N. Znamenskii, Intelligentsiia nakanune Velikogo Oktiabria (fevral’–oktiabr’ 1917 g.) (Leningrad, 1988), p. 27.

91. Istoriia gosudarstva i prava SSSR (Moscow, 1972), pt. 1, p. 622.

92. http://www.omsu.omskreg.ru/histbook/articles/y1997s/a071/article.shtml [page not found—Trans.].

93. Povolzhskii vestnik (Kostroma), 28 January 1917.

94. See M.V. Rodzianko, Krushenie imperii (Moscow, 1992), pp. 215–16; A.P. Pogrebinskii, “Sel’skoe khoziaistvo i prodovol’stvennyi vopros v Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny,” Istoricheskie zapiski (Moscow, 1950), vol. 31, pp. 57–58; A.L. Sidorov, Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny (Moscow, 1973), p. 493.

95. Politicheskie partii i obshchestvo v Rossii 1914–1917 gg (sbornik statei i dokumentov) (Moscow, 2000), p. 113.

96. Iu.A. Petrov, Dinastiia Riabushinskikh (Moscow, 1997), p. 99.

97. “Tsarskaia okhranka o politicheskom polozhenii v strane v kontse 1916 g.,” Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1960, no. 1, p. 204.

98. “Politicheskoe polozhenie Rossii nakanune Fevral’skoi revoliutsii v zhandarmskom osveshchenii,” Krasnyi arkhiv, 1926, no. 4 (17), pp. 10–11.

99. Quoted from P.N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia (Moscow, 1991), p. 556.

100. Iu.I. Kir’ianov, Sotsial’no-politicheskii protest rabochikh Rossii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (iiul’ 1914 g–fevral’ 1917 gg.) (Moscow, 2005), p. 139. Anfimov, however, provided different data on peasant unrest caused by rising prices in 1916: see Anfimov, Rossiiskaia derevnia v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, p. 362.

101. M.V. Shilovskii, “Sotsial’no-politicheskie protsessy v sibirskom gorode vo vremia Pervoi mirovoi voiny (iiul’ 1914–fevral’ 1917 g.),” in Sovremennoe istoricheskoe sibirevedenie (Barnaul, 2005), p. 287.

102. “Tsarskaia okhranka o politicheskom polozhenii v strane v kontse 1916 g.,” p. 205.