The Western Observer and the Western Gaze in the Affective Management of Soviet Subjectivity

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This article is the republished version of:

The Western Observer and the Western Gaze in the Affective Management of Soviet Subjectivity

Notes

English translation © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, from the Russian text © 2018. “Zapadnyi nabliudatel’ i zapadnyi vzgliad v affektivnom menedzhmente sovetskoi subj’’ektivnosti,” in Posle Stalina: podznesovetskaia sub’’ektivnost’ (1953–1985): sbornik statei, ed. A. Pinsky (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Evropeiskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge, 2018), pp. 219–53.

Alexey Golubev is assistant professor of Russian history at the University of Houston where he studies and teaches the history of modern Russia and Europe. He published his first book, The Search for a Socialist El Dorado: Finnish Immigration to Soviet Karelia from the United States and Canada in the 1930s, in 2014 (Michigan State University Press, with Irina Takala), and his second book, The Things of Life: Materiality in Late Soviet Russia, is forthcoming with Cornell University Press in 2020.

Notes have been renumbered for this edition.

Translated by Liv Bliss. Translation reprinted from Russian Studies in History, vol. 58, nos. 2-3. DOI: 10.1080/10611983.2019.1689075.

1. “Dokumenty svidetel’stvuiut: smotreli za kazhdym. O romanakh Ivana Efremova ‘Tumannost’ Andromedy’ i ‘Chas Byka,’” Voprosy literatury, 1994, no. 3, p. 241.

2. I.A. Efremov, Perepiska s uchenymi. Neizdannye raboty (Moscow: Nauka, 1994), p. 264.

3. See, for example, E.M. Neelov, “Zavety mudretsa Erfa Roma,” in I.A. Efremov, Chas Byka (Petrozavodsk: Kareliia, 1991), pp. 420–23.

4. Iu. Medvedev, “Svet nad ozerom mraka,” in V mire fantastiki: sbornik literaturno-kriticheskikh statei i ocherkov, comp. A. Kuznetsov (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1989), pp. 101–12.

5. I.A. Efremov, “Kak sozdavalsia ‘Chas Byka,’” Molodaia gvardiia, 1969, no. 5, pp. 307–20 (here, p. 310).

6. Michel Foucault, “Truth and Power,” in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham, and Kate Soper (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 117. [Golubev provided his own Russian translation of this passage—Trans.]

7. P. Khollander, Politicheskie piligrimy: puteshestviia zapadnykh intellektualov po Sovetskomu Soiuzu, Kitaiu i Kube, 1928–1978 (St. Petersburg: Lan’, 2001) [originally, Paul Hollander, Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society—Trans.]; Michael David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

8. F. Fure, Proshloe odnoi illiuzii (Moscow: Ad Marginem, 1998) [originally, François Furet, Le passé d’une illusion: essai sur l’idée communiste au XXe siècle—Trans.].

9. Martin Malia, Russia under Western Eyes: From the Bronze Horseman to the Lenin Mausoleum (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999); A.V. Golubev, “Vzgliad na zemliu obetovannuiu”: iz istorii sovetskoi kul’turnoi diplomatii (Moscow: IRI RAN, 2004); G.B. Kulikova, Novyi mir glazami starogo: Sovetksaia Rossiia 1920–1930-kh godov glazami zapadnykh intellektualov (Moscow: IRI RAN, 2013).

10. A. Gorsach, “Vystuplenie na mezhdunarodnoi stsene: sovetskie turisty khrushchevskoi epokhi na kapitalisticheckom Zapade,” Antropologicheskii forum, 2010, no. 13, pp. 359–88; Anne E. Gorsuch, All This Is Your World: Soviet Tourism at Home and Abroad after Stalin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) (the article in Antropologicheskii forum is a translation of the fourth chapter of All This Is Your World); V.A. Khripun, “Inostrantsy v Sovetskoi Rossii v 1950-e–1960-e gg.,” a dissertation submitted in partial fullfilment of the requirements for the degree of D.Hist.Sc. (St. Petersburg, 2011); A.D. Popov, “‘Marafon gostepriimstva’: Olimpiada-80 i popytka modernizatsii sovetskogo servisa,” Cahiers du Monde russe, vol. 54, nos. 1–2 (2013), pp. 265–95.

11. Stephen V. Bittner, The Many Lives of Khrushchev’s Thaw: Experience and Memory in Moscow’s Arbat (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008), pp. 66–67, 141; Pia Koivunen, “Performing Peace and Friendship: The World Youth Festival as a Tool of Soviet Cultural Diplomacy, 1947–1957,” (Ph.D. diss., University of Tampere, 2013), pp. 151–332.

12. David Caute, The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy during the Cold War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003); M.Iu. Prozumenshchikov, Bol’shoi sport i bol’shaia politika (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2004); Susan E. Reid, “‘Our Kitchen Is Just as Good’: Soviet Responses to the American Kitchen,” in Cold War Kitchen, Americanization, Technology, and European Users, eds. Ruth Oldenziel and Karin Zachman (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), pp. 83–112.

13. Michael David-Fox, “The Implications of Transnationalism,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, vol. 12, no. 4 (2011), pp. 885–904.

14. On contemporary disciplinary systems formed through specific visual regimes, see M. Fuko, Nadzirat’ i nakazyvat’: Rozhdenie tiur’my (Moscow: Ad Marginem, 1999) [originally, Michel Foucault, Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison—Trans.]; and Jonathan Crary, Techniques of the Observer: On Vision and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990).

15. Zh. Lakan, Seminary. Kniga 11: Chetyre osnovnye poniatiia psikhoanaliza, trans. from the French by A. Chernoglazov (Moscow: Gnosis/Logos, 2004) [originally, Jacques Lacan, Le séminaire. Livre XI. Les quatre concepts fondamentaux de la psychanalyse; translated from the French as The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, Book XI—Trans.].

16. Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” Screen, vol. 16, no. 3 (1975), pp. 6–18; Joan Copjec, “The Orthopsychic Subject: Film Theory and the Reception of Lacan,” October, 1989, no. 49, pp. 53–71.

17. L. Al’tiusser, “Ideologiia i ideologicheskie apparaty gosudarstva (zametki dia issledovaniia),” Neprikosnovennyi zapas, 2011, no. 3, pp. 14–58 [originally, Louis Althusser, “Idéologie et appareils idéologiques d’Etat”—Trans.]; S. Zhizhek, Vozvyshennyi ob’’ekt ideologii, trans. from the English by V. Safronov (Moscow: Khudozhestvennyi zhurnal, 1999) [originally, Slavoj Žižek, The Sublime Object of Ideology—Trans.]; Judith Butler, Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative (New York: Routledge, 1997).

18. G. Orlova, “‘Zaochnoe puteshestvie’: upravlenie geograficheskim voobrazheniem v stalinskuiu epokhu,” Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2009, no. 100, pp. 266–85; Orlova, “‘Karty dlia slepykh’: politika i politizatsiia zreniia v stalinskuiu epokhu,” in Vizual’naia antropologiia: rezhimy vidimosti pri sotsializme, comp. E. Iarskaia-Smirnova and P. Romanov (Moscow: OOO Variant/TsSPGI, 2009), pp. 35–82; Orlova, “‘Vidim voochiu’: sovetskii proekt i fotografiia v epokhu ikh tekhnicheskogo vosproizvedeniia,” in Sovetskaia vlast’ i media: sbornik statei, comp. Kh. Giunter and S. Khensgen (St. Petersburg: Akademicheskii proekt, 2006), pp. 191–204.

19. I use the concept of affect rather than that of emotion to emphasize the extrasubjective, social nature of (Soviet) pride and shame. For further detail on the concepts of affect and affective management relative to Soviet and post-Soviet society, see S. Ushakin, “Vspominaia na publike: ob affektivnom menedzhmente istorii” (November 14, 2014) at http://gefter.ru/archive/13513, accessed 4/22/2016 [most recently accessed August 2019—Trans.]. This text is a translation from the English of Serguei Alex. Oushakine, “Remembering in Public: On the Affective Management of History,” Ab Imperio, 2013, no. 1, pp. 269–302.

20. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Peformativity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003); Sara Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion (London, UK: Routledge, 2004).

21. On the role of the concept of the West in pre-Revolutionary culture (including political culture), see, for instance, Iver B. Neumann, Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and International Relations (London, UK: Routledge, 1996), pp. 1–102; and I.A. Khristoforov, Aristokraticheskaia oppozitsiia Velikim reformam (konets 1850-kh–seredina 1870-kh gg.) (Moscow: Russkoe slovo, 2002).

22. Among the most recent works on prewar cultural diplomacy, see David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment; and Kulikova, Novyi mir glazami starogo.

23. G.Ia. Tarle, Druz’ia strany Sovetov: uchastie zarubezhnykh trudiashchikhsia v vostanovlenii narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR v 1920–1925 gg. (Moscow: Nauka, 1968); S.V. Zhuravlev, “Malen’kie liudi” i “bol’shaia istoriia”: inostrantsy moskovskogo Elektrozavoda v sovetskom obshchestve 1920–1930-kh gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000); Alexey Golubev, Irina Takala, The Search for a Socialist El Dorado: Finnish Immigration to Soviet Karelia from the United States and Canada in the 1930s (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2014).

24. Quoted from A. Bol’shakov, “Pravda o Strane Sovetov i Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki,” in Pisateli SShA o Strane Sovetov (Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1983), p. 294. [The English is from an uncredited translation found at www.marxists.org/ebooks/reed/ten-days-that-shook-the-world-reed.pdf, accessed September 2019—Trans.]

25. M. Gor’kii, “Rech’ na zasedanii plenuma Moskovskogo Soveta,” in Gor’kii, Sobranie sochinenii, 30 vols., vol. 24: Stat’i, rechi, privetstviia, 1907–1928 (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1949), pp. 369–70. First published in Pravda, June 1, 1928.

26. David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment, pp. 98–141.

27. N.Ia. Eidel’man, “Gosti Stalina,” in Dva vzgliada iz-za rubezha: Andre Zhid, Vozvrashchenie iz SSSR—Lion Feikhtvanger, Moskva 1937, introduction A. Plutnik (Moscow: Politizdat, 1990), pp. 260–71. See especially p. 262, where Eidel’man writes that the meetings between Soviet leaders and foreign celebrities “strengthened in the eyes of the public at large, especially the intelligentsia, the standing of the Stalinist system.” [The Eidelman article was accessed at https://r-v.livejournal.com/620493.html in August 2019—Trans.]

28. Sovetskaia Kareliia, 1934, nos. 11–12, p. 37.

29. Sovetskaia Sibir’, September 9, 1932, p. 4.

30. Ibid., September 22, 1932, p. 4.

31. For example, Sovetskaia Sibir’, October 11, 1932, p. 4; Krasnaia Kareliia, January 15, 1932, p. 2; and Krasnaia Kareliia, May 4, 1932, p. 2.

32. The entire silent movie (with intertitles translated into English) can be viewed at www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVeg8shVTiQ, accessed September 2019—Trans.

33. D. Vertov, “Kinoki. Perevorot,” in Vertov, Stat’i. Dnevniki. Zamysly (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1966), pp. 50–58.

34. David-Fox, Showcasing the Great Experiment, pp. 285–311.

35. Zhuravlev, “Malen’kie liudi,” pp. 272–73.

36. Butler borrowed from Althusser the concept of ideological interpellation, which possesses the ability to shape subjectivity in situational terms. See Althusser, Ideologiia i ideologicheskie apparaty, pp. 14–58.

37. Butler, Excitable Speech, pp. 26, 36. Althusser himself discusses this, stating that whoever responds to an interpellation is inwardly prepared to do so. [Butler often uses the term “address” to indicate a form of interpellation—Trans.]

38. Pia Koivunen mentions in this context the groundwork for the festival laid in the national press, whose coverage targeted a countrywide audience: Koivunen, Performing Peace and Friendship, pp. 183–94.

39. National Archive of the Republic of Karelia [Natsional’nyi arkhiv Respubliki Kareliia; NARK], f. P-779, op. 33, d. 17, ll. 1–22.

40. Leninskaia pravda (Karelian ASSR), April 14, April 20, June, 20, 1957; Komsomolets (Karelian ASSR), June 22, 1957.

41. NARK, f. P-779, op. 33, d. 17, l. 7.

42. Ibid., l. 52.

43. Leninskaia pravda, April 13, 1957. p. 4.

44. NARK, f. P-779, op. 33, d. 18, l. 1.

45. Ibid., l. 4.

46. Maria Mayofis traces a comparable cultural logic, albeit not one linked to a single foreign policy event, in her article on the history of children’s choral studios for this book: “Sovetskie meisterzingery: dvizhenie detskikh khorovykh studii v SSSR (1958–1980-e),” in Posle Stalina: podznesovetskaia sub’’ektivnost’ (1953–1985): sbornik statei, pp. 75–107. Analyzing the forms of subjectification inherent in the choral movement in the USSR “after Stalin,” Mayofis points out that “the new Soviet subject that emerged from the children’s choral studios was to be maximally disciplined, responsible, [and] aesthetically developed. … The new children’s choir was expected to convey this model of subjectivity (and the accompanying model of collectivity) not only in its performance but also in its outward appearance” (p. 101). [This article is published as “Soviet Meistersingers: The Children’s Choral Studio Movement in the USSR (1958 to the 1980s)” in this issue of Russian Studies in History, pp. 89–119—Trans.]

47. Gorsach, Vystuplenie na mezhdunarodnoi stsene.

48. See Ilya Kukulin, “Nabor ochkov dlia izumlennogo vzgliada: Konkuriruiushchie obrazy ‘Sovetskogo cheloveka za granitsei’ v literature ottepeli,” in Posle Stalina, pp. 179–218. [This article is published as “Spectacles for the Dumbfounded Gaze: Competing Images of ‘the Soviet Person Abroad’ in the Literature of the Thaw” in this issue of Russian Studies in History, pp. 158–197—Trans.]

49. Mikhail Voslenskii offers a blow-by-blow account of how he got his passport to travel abroad in M.S. Voslenskii, Nomenklatura: gospodstvuiushchii klass Sovetskogo Souiza (Moscow: Sovietskaia Rossiia/Maloe predpriiatie Oktiabr’, 1991), pp. 420–33. See also M.Iu. Prozumenshchikov, Za partiinimi kulisami; A.D. Popov, “Sovetskie turisty za rubezhom: ideologiia, kommunikatsiia, emotsii (po otchetam rukovoditelei turistskikh grupp),” in Istorichna panorama: Zbirnik naukovikh statei (Chernivtsi, 2008), vol. 6, pp. 50–52; and Gorsuch, All This Is Your World, pp. 81–84, 111.

50. S. Kotkin, “Govorit’ po-bol’shevistski,” in Amerikanskaia rusistika: vekhi istoriografii poslednikh let. Sovetskii period. Antologiia, comp. M. Devid-Foks [David-Fox] (Samara: Samara University, 2001), pp. 250–328.

51. This refers to the organized preparation for trips abroad, which included, for example, learning by rote the answers to “provocative” questions. A typical publication—one of many—on this subject was SSSR: 100 voprosov i otvetov (Moscow: APN, 1980).

52. Aron Iakovlevich Gurevich, for example, writes that the leaders of various Russian Academy of Sciences institutes—including Gurevich himself—regularly co-opted invitations to attend scientific and scholarly events abroad that had been sent to their subordinates to make the trip themselves in place of their “unreliable” underlings: Gurevich, Istoriia istorika (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2004), pp. 94–95. See also Iu.M. Nagibin, Dnevnik (Moscow: Knizhnyi sad, 1996), pp. 220–22.

53. A. Golubev, “Neuvostoturismin ja läntisen kulutuskulttuurin kohtaaminen Suomessa,” Historiallinen aikakauskirja, 2011, no. 4, p. 423.

54. “Osnovnye pravila povedeniia sovetskikh grazhdan, vyezhaiushchikh za granitsu”: www.krotov.info/lib_sec/12_1/lub/yanka.htm, accessed 2/1/2015. [Unavailable August 2019—Trans.]

55. Researcher Igor’ Narskii does a good job of demonstrating this balancing act between the affects of pride and shame on a tourist trip abroad: Narskii, “Mezhdu sovetskoi gordosti, politicheskoi bditel’nost’iu i kul’turnym shokom: amerikanskie gastroli narodnogo ansamblia tantsev ‘Samotsvety” v 1979 godu,” Cahiers du Monde russe, vol. 54, nos. 1–2 (2013), pp. 329–52.

56. It is, for instance, a well-known fact that Soviet industry ranked its output by quality. The best quality goods were destined for export, while those of lower quality were consigned to the Soviet economy. See, for example, Jukka Gronow, Caviar with Champagne: Common Luxury and the Ideals of the Good Life in Stalin’s Russia (Oxford: Berg, 2003).

57. On “the work of vision,” see, for example, Orlova, “Karty dlia slepykh.” [For context on this term, see https://urokiistorii.ru/article/1145, accessed August 2019—Trans.]

58. Novosti dnia, episode 41 (October 1957), directed by M. Semenova; Novosti dnia, episode 42 (October 1957), directed by M. Slutskii; Pervye sovetskie iskusstvennye sputniki Zemli (1957), directed by M. Slavianskaia and N. Chigorin.

59. Chelovek vernulsia iz kosmosa (1961), directed by E. Vermisheva; Pervyi reis k zvezdam (1961), directed by I. Kopalin.

60. Novosti dnia, episode 18 (May 1961), directed by I. Venzher (Czechoslovakia); Novosti dnia, episode 27 (July 1961), directed by I. Setkina (Finland); Novosti dnia, episode 28 (July 1961), directed by T. Lavrova (Great Britain); Novosti dnia, 9 (March 1962), directed by N. Solov’eva (Cyprus).

61. K. Zilliakus, “Prishel, uvidel, pobedil,” Ogonek, 1961, no. 30, p. 31.

62. Curiously, the visible object was not sputnik itself, a tiny sphere with a diameter of 58 centimeters [a little short of 23 inches—Trans.], but the second-stage booster that helped launch it into orbit. This fact was, to be sure, omitted from the representations.

63. Chelkash, “Novaia statuia v Moskve,” Krokodil, 1957, no. 36, p. 7.

64. T.P. Kaptereva-Shambinago, Doma i za granitsei (Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2009), p. 268.

65. Ibid., p. 243.

66. The “ladies” here are damy; the guys are the far more rough-edged muzhiki—Trans.

67. N.G. Medvedeva, Mama, ia zhulika liubliu! (New York: Russica Publishers, 1988), p. 158.

68. A.A. Vainer, G.A. Vainer, Evangelie ot palacha (New York: Novoe Russkoe Slovo, 1991), p. 177.

69. G.N. Daneliia, Chito-grito (Moscow: Eksmo, 2006), p. 193. The “signora and her husband” were two other customers.

70. B.N. Grigor’ev, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ sovetskogo razvedchika, ili Skandinaviia s chernogo khoda (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2004), p. 157. [The book can be read at www.litmir.me/br/?b=145552&p=1, accessed September 2019—Trans.]

71. Sedgwick, Touching Feeling, p. 36.

72. Ibid., p. 37

73. Lakan, Seminary. Kniga 11, p. 83. [This Russian version of Lacan translates literally as “spectacle prefaces sight”; in Alan Sheridan’s translation of The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (New York/London: W.W. Norton & Co., 1978), p. 74, the phrase is rendered as “the pre-existence to the seen of a given-to-be-seen”—Trans.]

74. Sedgwick, Touching Feeling, p. 37.

75. K.G. Paustovskii, “Kratkaia zapis’ rechi na obsuzhdeniia romana Dudintseva ‘Ne khlebom edinym,’” in Antologiia samizdata. Nepodtsenzurnaia literatura v SSSR. 1950-e–1980-e, 3 vols., vol. 1, bk. 1, ed.-in-chief V.V. Igrunov, comp. M.Sh. Barbakadze (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi institut gumanitarno-politicheskikh issledovanii, 2005), p. 421.

76. Ibid., p. 422.

77. Serguei Alex. Oushakine, “The Terrifying Mimicry of Samizdat,” Public Culture, vol. 13, no. 2 (2001), pp. 191–214. Russian translation: S.A. Ushakin, “Uzhasaiushchaia mimikriia samizdata”: http://gefter.ru/archive/6204, accessed 3/18/2014 [most recently accessed August 2019. The English original is at https://tinyurl.com/y3eathuu, accessed September 2019—Trans.].

78. Nagibin, Dnevnik, pp. 313–14. The reception was at the Japanese Embassy.

79. Ibid., pp. 221, 223, 281, 290.

80. G.P. Vishnevskaia, Galina. Istoriia zhizni (Moscow: Nikeia, 2011), p. 585. [Translated by Guy Daniels as Galina: A Russian Story (San Diego/New York/London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984). This passage appears on p. 367. That translation has not been used here. The “great composer” was Benjamin Britten, and the composition was his War Requiem—Trans.]

81. Compare this with Nagibin’s outrage at not having been “allowed out” to go to Austria: “Why don’t [the authorities] want me to add clout to the ‘Made in the USSR’ trademark?” (Nagibin, Dnevnik, p. 336).

82. Staraia ploshchad’ was a metonymy for the CPSU Central Committee, which was headquartered there, and generally for the Party apparat—Trans.

83. Grigor’ev, Povsednevnaia zhizn’ sovetskogo razvedchika, pp. 154–55.

84. B.N. Grigor’ev, “Uroki kholodnoi voiny v Arktike,” in Kholodnaia voina v Arktike, comp. M.N. Suprun (Arkhangel’sk: Solti, 2009), pp. 367–73.

85. See, for example, the chapter “Voobrazhaemyi Zapad. Prostranstva vnenakhodimosti pozdnego sotsializma,” in A. Iurchak [Yurchak], Eto bylo navsegda, poka ne konchilos’: poslednee sovetskoe pokolenie, 2nd ed. (Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2016), pp. 311–403.

86. “V otdel’no vziatoi” (Hava’s blog): www.liveinternet.ru/users/hava/post141134527, accessed 4.5.2012 [most recently accessed August 2019—Trans.]. My thanks go to A.D. Popov, who drew my attention to this.

87. On the agency or “power” [“vlast’”], of things, see, for example, New Materialisms: Ontology, Agency, and Politics, ed. Diana Coole and Samantha Frost (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), especially Coole, Frost, “Introducing the New Materialisms” (pp. 1–43); Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham, NC: Duke University Press), especially “The Force of Things” (pp. 1–19); and S.A. Ushakin, “Dinamiziruiushchaia veshch’,” Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2013, no. 120, pp. 29–34.

88. V.B. Shklovskii, “Iskusstvo kak priem,” in Shklovskii, Gamburgskii schet: stat’i—vospominaniia—esse (1914–1933) (Moscow: Sovetskii pisatel’, 1990), pp. 58–72.

89. See Mark Lipovetskii’s reasoning on this ability of Soviet tricksters: Lipovetskii, “Trikster i ‘zakrytoe’ obshchestvo,” Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2009, no. 100, pp. 224–45.

90. On the importance of the cultural ideal in the molding and subsequent social interaction of the affects of shame and pride, see Ahmed, The Cultural Politics of Emotion, p. 112–13.

91. M. de Serto, Izobretenie povsednevsnosti. 1. Iskusstvo delat’ (St. Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo Evropeiskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge, 2013), pp. 41–57, especially pp. 50–55 (the sections on disciplinary networks and the tactics of evasion). [Translated from the French as Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life—Trans.]

92. De Certeau actually begins his work by inventing a new descriptive language, positing that the existing scientific (analytical) language cannot describe the everyday but can only, as it were, seize on it (de Serto, Izobretenie povsednevsnosti, pp. 63–80).

93. An approximation of the American zoot suiters in the Soviet Union—Trans.