Russian Society and the Crimean War

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Notes

* First published in 1833 by Viktor Tepliakov.—Trans.

* “In declaring war on Turkey, Nicholas played the greatest prank of the nineteenth century.”—Ed.

* Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.—Ed.

1. Zapiski A.I. Kosheleva (Moscow, 1991), pt. 1, p. 94.

2. A.A. Kizevetter, “Moskovskii universitet i ego traditsii,” in his Istoricheskie otkliki (Moscow, 1915), p. 330.

3. V.Ia. Grosul, Russkoe obshchestvo XVIII–XIX vekov: Traditsii i novatsii (Moscow, 2003), pp. 189–218.

4. Rossiia pod nadzorom: otchety III otdeleniia 1827–1869 (Moscow, 2006), p. 17.

5. Istoriia vneshnei politiki Rossii: Pervaia polovina XIX veka (Moscow, 1995), [no p.].

6. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii (henceforth PSZ) 2, vol. 28, section 1, no. 27344; Vedomosti Sankt-Peterburgskoi gorodskoi politsii, 16 (25) June 1853, no 130 (chast’ ofitsial’naia).

7. State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 28 (1853 g.), d. 353, ch. 1, l. 4.

8. Ibid., ll. 9 ob.–10.

9. Ibid., ll. 26–27 ob.

10. Ibid., ll. 47–52.

11. Ibid., l. 17.

12. Ibid., ll. 2, 8, 12 ob., 22.

13. Ibid., ll. 38, 40–40 ob., 42, 53–53 ob.

14. Ibid., ll. 13 ob.–14, 43 ob.

15. Ibid., d. 357, ch. 2, l. 9 ob.

16. Adam Lewak, dzieje emigracji polskiej w Turcji (1831–1878) (Warsaw, 1935).

17. GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 28 (1853 g.), d. 354, ll. 1–48.

18. Ibid., op. 29 (1854 g.), d. 95, l. 83.

19. V.Ia. Grosul, “Pol’skaia politicheskaia emigratsiia na Balkanakh v 40–nachale 50-kh godov XIX v.,” Balkanskii istoricheskii sbornik (Kishinev, 1970), vol. 2, p. 68.

20. “Zapiski Mikhaila Chaikovskogo,” Russkaia starina, vol. 96, no. 2 (1898), p. 458.

21. GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 28 (1853 g.), d. 353, ch. 1, l. 56.

22. E.V. Tarle, “Krymskaia voina,” in his Sochineniia (Moscow, 1959), vol. 9, p. 477.

23. GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 28 (1853 g.), d. 353, ch. 1, l. 16.

24. Ibid., ll. 30 ob., 32–32 ob., 42.

25. Ibid., ch. 2, ll. 1–5; PSZ 2, vol. 28, p. 490.

26. Ibid., ch. 3, ll. 1–8.

27. Ibid., ch. 4, l. 5; PSZ 2, vol. 29, pp. 90–91.

28. Rossiia pod nadzorom, p. 436.

29. Ibid., p. 445.

30. GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 223, d. 21 (1856 g.), l. 7 ob.

31. A.F. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov: Vospominaniia. dnevnik, 1853–1855 (Moscow, 1990), pp. 125–26.

32. F.I. Tiutchev, Polnoe sobranie stikhotvorenii (Leningrad, 1987), p. 162. 33.

33. Ibid., p. 394.

34. Ibid., p. 193.

35. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov, pp. 135–36.

36. Letters that Tiutchev wrote during the Crimean War offer some idea of his sentiments at the time. See F.I. Tiutchev, “Pis’ma vo vremia Krymskoi voiny 1855 goda,” Russkii arkhiv, 1899, bk. 3.

37. V. Korovin, “Poet Apollon Maikov,” in A. Maikov, Stikhotvoreniia (Moscow, 1980), p. 11.

38. N.A Nekrasov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem, 15 vols. (Leningrad, 1981), vol. 1, pp. 430, 458.

39. Korovin, “Poet Apollon Maikov,” p. 11.

40. V.S. Baevskii, “A.N. Maikov,” in Russkie pisateli 1800–1917: Biograficheskii slovar’ (Moscow, 1994), vol. 3, p. 455.

41. Nekrasov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem (Leningrad, 1990), vol. 11, bk. 2, p. 185.

42. Ibid. (Leningrad, 1981), vol. 2, p. 14.

43. Tarle, “Krymskaia voina,” p. 468.

44. N.G. Chernyshevskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow, 1953), vol. 16, p. 44.

45. Ibid. (Moscow, 1951), vol. 10, pp. 302–3.

46. N.M. Druzhinin, “Moskva v gody Krymskoi voiny,” in his Vneshniaia politika Rossii. Istoriia moskvy. muzeinoe delo (Moscow, 1988), p. 181.

47. Druzhinin, “Moskva v gody Krymskoi voiny,” p. 170.

48. N.A. Dobroliubov, Sobranie sochinenii (Moscow and Leningrad, 1961), vol. 1, pp. 99–106.

49. P.Ia. Chaadaev, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i izbrannye pis’ma (Moscow, 1991), vol. 2, p. 140.

50. A.I. Gertsen, Sobranie sochinenii, 30 vols. [n.p., n.d.], vol. 24, p. 200.

51. N. Sazonov, Rodnoi golos na chuzhbine: Russkim plennym vo Frantsii (London, 1855), pp. 7–9.

52. V. Silovskaia, “Nikolai Sazonov i ego otnoshenie k pol’skomu voprosu,” in Sviazi revoliutsionerov Rossii i Pol’shi XIX–nachala XX v. (Moscow, 1968), p. 72.

53. N.I. Sazonov, “A.I. Gertsenu: Publikatsiia N.E. Zastenkera,” Literaturnoe nasledstvo, vol. 62 [1955], p. 538.

54. V.A. Engel’son, Stat’i, proklamatsii, pis’ma (Moscow, 1934), p. 103. 55.

55. GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 29 (1854 g.), d. 239, ch. 10, l. 350.

56. Gertsen, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 11, p. 343.

57. Ibid., vol. 12 (Moscow, 1957), pp. 177–78. [Translated here from the French, found at http://smalt.karelia.ru/~filolog/herzen/texts/htm/herzen12.htm (p. 146), accessed February 2012.—Trans.]

58. N.M. Pirumova, Aleksandr Gertsen—revoliutsioner, myslitel’, chelovek (Moscow, 1989), p. 81.

59. “Gazetnye i zhurnal’nye vyrezki v arkhive Gertsena,” Literaturnoe nasledstvo, vol. 63 [1956], p. 805.

60. Gertsen, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 12, p. 273.

61. “Gazetnye i zhurnal’nye vyrezki,” p. 804. 62.

62. Ibid., p. 805.

63. Gertsen, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 12, pp. 253–54.

64. Ibid., p. 261.

65. Ibid., p. 264.

66. Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva A.I. Gertsena, 1851–1858 (Moscow, 1977), p. 185.

67. Gertsen, Sobranie sochinenii, vol. 10, pp. 361–62.

68. Letopis’ zhizni i tvorchestva A.I. Gertsena, p. 185.

69. “Neizvestnomu pol’skomu emigrantu: Publikatsiia I. Beliavskogo,” Literaturnoe nasledstvo, vol. 61 [1953], p. 236.

70. Ibid.

71. V.S. Pecherin, “Zamogil’nye zapiski (Apologia pro vita mea),” in Russkoe obshchestvo 30-kh godov XIX v. (Moscow, 1989), p. 265.

72. V. Silovskaia, “Ivan Golovin v emigratsii i ego pol’skie sviazi (40–50-e gody XIX v.),” in Issledovaniia po istorii pol’skogo obshchestvennogo dvizheniia XIX–nachala XX v. (Moscow, 1971), p. 288.

73. Tarle, Sochineniia, vol. 8, pp. 23–27.

74. Druzhinin, “Moskva v gody Krymskoi voiny,” pp. 143–85; I.N. Kovaleva, “Slavianofily i zapadniki v period Krymskoi voiny (1853–1856),” in Istoricheskie zapiski, vol. 80 (Moscow, 1967), pp. 198–207; Sh.M. Levin, ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli: Vtoraia polovina XIX–nachalo XX veka (Leningrad, 1974), pp. 291–404; A.I. Sheparneva, “Krymskaia voina v otsenke russkogo obshchestvennogo mneniia (1853–1856)” (abstract of Candidate of History diss., Orel, 1995).

75. Zapiski A.I. Kosheleva, p. 94.

76. Tarle, Sochineniia, vol. 8, p. 420.

77. Druzhinin, “Moskva v gody Krymskoi voiny,” p. 153.

78. A.S. Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow, 1914), vol. 3, pp. 179–95.

79. Levin, ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli, p. 299.

80. Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov v ego pis’makh (Moscow, 1892), vol. 3, p. 100.

81. Levin, ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli, p. 305. 82.

82. Ibid., pp. 305–6.

83. V.D. Konobeev, “Natsional’no-osvoboditel’noe dvizhenie v Bolgarii v 1853– 1854 gg.,” uchenye zapiski Instituta slavianovedeniia, vol. 29 (Moscow, 1965), [no p.]; GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 29 (1854 g.), d. 21, ch. 2, ll. 1–34.

84. GARF, f. 109 (1-ia ekspeditsiia), op. 28 (1853 g.), d. 170, ch. 3, ll. 14 ob.–17.

85. Ibid., op. 29 (1854 g.), d. 95, l. 77.

86. Tarle, Sochineniia, vol. 8, p. 495.

87. Ibid., p. 494.

88. Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov v ego pis’makh, p. 61.

89. Khomiakov, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow, 1904), vol. 8, p. 215.

90. Zapiski A.I. Kosheleva, p. 94.

91. “Iz pisem I.S. Aksakova k A.O. Smirnovoi,” Russkii arkhiv, 1895, bk. 3, no. 12, p. 461.

92. Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov v ego pis’makh, p. 180.

93. Levin, ocherki po istorii russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli, p. 310.

94. A.I. Sheparneva, “Krymskaia voina v osveshchenii zapadnikov,” Voprosy istorii, 2005, no. 9, pp. 28–29.

95. Chaadaev, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i izbrannye pis’ma (Moscow, 1991), vol. 1, p. 569.

96. Ibid.

97. Ibid., p. 571.

98. Chaadaev, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i izbrannye pis’ma, vol. 2, pp. 267–71.

99. B.N. Chicherin, “Vostochnyi vopros s russkoi tochki zreniia,” in Zapiski kniazia S.P. Trubetskogo (St. Petersburg, 1906), p. 153.

100. A.A. Levandovskii, T.N. Granovskii v russkom obshchestvennom dvizhenii (Moscow, 1989), pp. 214–21.

101. Sheparneva, “Krymskaia voina v osveshchenii zapadnikov,” pp. 36–38.

102. Druzhinin, “Moskva v gody Krymskoi voiny,” p. 151.

103. See M.P. Pogodin, Istoriko-politicheskie pis’ma i zapiski v prodolzhenie Krymskoi voiny (Moscow, 1874).

104. Ibid.

105. Druzhinin, “Moskva v gody Krymskoi voiny,” p. 172.

106. Pogodin, Istoriko-politicheskie pis’ma i zapiski, pp. 339–40.

107. Pis’ma m.P. Pogodina, S.P. Shevyreva i m.A. maksimovicha k kniaziu P.A. Viazemskomu 1825–1874 godov (St. Petersburg, 1901), p. 156.

108. Ibid., p. 55.

109. P.V. Akul’shin, P.A. Viazemskii: Vlast’ i obshchestvo v doreformennoi Rossii (Moscow, 2001), p. 178.

110. Russkii konservatizm XIX stoletiia: Ideologiia i praktika (Moscow, 2000), p. 203.