The Crimean War and the Russian Economy

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

* Savings and loan institutions of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Foundling Homes.—Ed.

1. E.V. Tarle, Krymskaia voina (Moscow and Leningrad, 1950), vol. 1, pp. 50–61.

2. F.G. Terner, “Dvizhenie vneshnei torgovli Rossii s 1853 po 1856 g.,” in Sbornik statisticheskikh svedenii o Rossii, izdavaemyi Statisticheskim otdeleniem Imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva (St. Petersburg, 1858), bk. 3, pp. 1–341; Walter McKenzie Pintner, “Inflation in Russia During the Crimean War Period,” american Slavic and East European Review, vol. 18, no. 1 (1959), pp. 81–87; A.S. Nifontov, “Vneshniaia torgovlia Rossii vo vremia Vostochnoi voiny 1853–1856 gg.,” in Problemy sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoi istorii Rossii: Sbornik statei (Moscow, 1971), pp. 69–90.

3. M.M. Shevchenko, “Istoricheskoe znachenie politicheskoi sistemy imperatora Nikolaia I: K novoi tochke zreniia,” in XIX vek v istorii Rossii: sovremennye kontseptsii i istorii Rossii XIX veka i ikh muzeinaia interpretatsiia (Moscow: Trudy GIM, 2007), pt. 163, pp. 288–98.

4. A.S. Nifontov, “Khoziaistvennaia kon”iunktura v Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XIX veka,” Istoriia SSSR, 1972, no. 3, pp. 45, 51, 52, 53.

5. “Izvlechenie iz vsepoddanneishego otcheta g. ministra vnutrennikh del za 1855 god,” Zhurnal ministerstva vnutrennikh del, 1856, no. 12, p. 65; A.V. Kukharuk, “Deistvuiushchaia armiia v voennykh preobrazovaniiakh pravitel’stva Nikolaia I” (Candidate of History diss., Moscow, 1999), pp. 57–79, 79–82, 182.

6. “Eshche raz o razvitii vnutrennikh sil Rossii v minuvshuiu voinu,” Voennyi zhurnal, 1857, no. 3, pp. 191, 192.

7. “Izvlechenie iz vsepoddanneishego otcheta g. ministra vnutrennikh del,” p. 65.

8. I.S. Bliokh, Finansy Rossii XIX stoletiia: Istoriia–statistika (St. Petersburg, 1882), vol. 2, pp. 28–31.

9. “Izvlechenie iz vsepoddanneishego otcheta g. ministra vnutrennikh del,” p. 66.

10. E.I. Druzhinina, Iuzhnaia ukraina v period krizisa feodalizma, 1825–1860

gg. (Moscow, 1981), pp. 56, 69, 184, 186, 195, 203, 204.

11. Ibid., pp. 81, 82, 205; Krym: Proshloe i nastoiashchee (Moscow, 1988), pp. 41, 42.

12. A. Markevich, Tavricheskaia guberniia vo vremia Krymskoi voiny (Simferopol, 1905), pp. 114, 238, 251.

13. Druzhinina, Iuzhnaia ukraina v period krizisa feodalizma, pp. 90, 171, 174, 175.

14. M. Ballas, Vinodelie v Rossii (istoriko-statisticheskii ocherk) (St. Petersburg, 1895), pt. 1, pp. 31, 32, 35.

15. “Izvlechenie iz vsepoddanneishego otcheta g. ministra vnutrennikh del,” p. 104.

16. F.K. Zatler, Zapiski o prodovol’stvii voisk v voennoe vremia (St. Petersburg, 1860), pt. 2, pp. 299–304.

17. “Eshche raz o razvitii vnutrennikh sil Rossii,” p. 193.

18. V.V. Lapin, “Voennye raskhody Rossii v XIX v.,” in Problemy sotsial’noekonomicheskoi istorii Rossii: K 100-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia Borisa aleksandrovicha Romanova (St. Petersburg, 1991), p. 154.

19. M.I. Bogolepov, Gosudarstvennyi dolg (K teorii gosudarstvennogo kredita) (St. Petersburg, 1910), p. 90; Bogolepov, Voina, finansy i narodnoe khoziaistvo (Petrograd, 1914), p. 4.

20. Lapin, “Voennye raskhody Rossii v XIX v.,” pp. 149, 150, 151.

21. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, series 3, pt. 15 (St. Petersburg, 1886), p. 41.

22. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, Recherches économiques, historiques et statistiques sur les guerres contemporaines (1853–1866) (Paris, 1869), pp. 116, 119.

23. I.S. Bliokh, Budushchaia voina v tekhnicheskom, ekonomicheskom i politicheskom otnosheniiakh (St. Petersburg, 1898), vol. 4, p. 320; Bogolepov, Gosudarstvennyi dolg, p. 189; Bogolepov, Voina, finansy i narodnoe khoziaistvo, p. 5.

24. I.I. Kaufman, “Gosudarstvennye dolgi Rossii,” Vestnik Evropy, 1885, no. 2, p. 575.

25. P.P. Migulin, Russkii gosudarstvennyi kredit (1769–1899): opyt istorikokriticheskogo obzora (Khar’kov, 1899), vol. 1, p. 195.

26. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Harper Collins, 1989), p. 176.

27. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, p. 44.

28. N.D. Mets, Nash rubl’: Istoricheskii ocherk (Moscow, 1960), p. 38.

29. K.A. Skal’kovskii, Nashi gosudarstvennye i obshchestvennye deiateli (St. Petersburg, 1890), pp. 446–76.

30. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii. Sobranie II (henceforth, PSZ 2), vol. 31, section 1, no. 30150.

31. Ibid., vol. 32, section 1, no. 31898.

32. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, pp. 36, 37.

33. Bliokh, Finansy Rossii XIX stoletiia, pp. 10, 17, 30.

34. PSZ 2, vol. 29, section 1, no. 27997.

35. Istoricheskii ocherk deiatel’nosti Voennogo upravleniia v Rossii v pervoe dvadtsatipiatiletie blagopoluchnogo tsarstvovaniia gosudaria imperatora aleksandra Nikolaevicha (1855–1880 gg.) (St. Petersburg, 1879), vol. 2, p. 97.

36. PSZ 2, vol. 30, section 1, no. 29165.

37. Bliokh, Finansy Rossii XIX stoletiia, pp. 30, 31.

38. Bogolepov, Voina, finansy i narodnoe khoziaistvo, p. 29.

39. PSZ 2, vol. 30, section 1, no. 28908.

40. M. Kashkarov, denezhnoe obrashchenie v Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1898), vol. 1, pp. 72, 180.

41. PSZ 2, vol. 29, section 1, no. 27965.

42. Kashkarov, denezhnoe obrashchenie v Rossii, pp. 180, 181.

43. PSZ 2, vol. 31, section 1, no. 30119.

44. Kashkarov, denezhnoe obrashchenie v Rossii, p. 72.

45. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, pp. 47, 48.

46. PSZ 2, vol. 32, section 1, no. 31721.

47. Kashkarov, denezhnoe obrashchenie v Rossii, pp. 181, 182.

48. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, p. 48.

49. V.P. Bezobrazov, o nekotorykh iavleniiakh denezhnogo obrashcheniia v Rossii v sviazi s promyshlennost’iu, torgovlei i kreditom (Moscow, 1863), pt. 2, pp. 21–24.

50. V.I. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike vneshnei torgovli Rossii

(St. Petersburg, 1902), vol. 1, p. 328.

51. Kashkarov, denezhnoe obrashchenie v Rossii, pp. 182, 183.

52. PSZ 2, vol. 33, section 1, no. 33008.

53. Kashkarov, denezhnoe obrashchenie v Rossii, pp. 72, 184–88; Migulin,

Russkii gosudarstvennyi kredit, vol. 1, p. 288.

54. Sud’by Rossii: doklady i zapiski gosudarstvennykh deiatelei imperatoram o problemakh ekonomicheskogo razvitiia strany (vtoraia polovina XIX v.), ed. L.E. Shepelev (St. Petersburg, 1999), p. 73.

55. materialy po denezhnoi reforme 1895–1897 gg. (Petrograd/Moscow, 1923), pt. 1, pp. 10, 138–39, 140–45.

56. A.V. Bugrov, ocherki po istorii kazennykh bankov v Rossii (Moscow, 2003).

57. V.I. Lamanskii, “Statisticheskii obzor operatsii v Gosudarstvennykh kreditnykh ustanovlenii s 1817 g. do nastoiashchego vremeni,” in Sbornik statisticheskikh svedenii o Rossii, izdavaemyi Statisticheskim otdeleniem Imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva (St. Petersburg, 1854), bk. 2, pp. 181, 218.

58. PSZ 2, vol. 28, section 1, no. 27774.

59. Migulin, Russkii gosudarstvennyi kredit, pp. 198, 201, 202.

60. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, p. 45.

61. P.V. Lizunov, Sankt-Peterburgskaia birzha i rossiiskii rynok tsennykh bumag (1703–1917 gg.) (St. Petersburg, 2004), p. 108.

62. PSZ 2, vol. 29, section 1, no. 28328; PSZ 2, vol. 30, section 1, no. 29860.

63. N.K. Brzheskii, Gosudarstvennye dolgi Rossii: Istoriko-statisticheskoe issledovanie (St. Petersburg, 1884), pp. 201, 202.

64. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, p. 45.

65. PSZ 2, vol. 29, section 1, no. 27868; PSZ 2, vol. 30, section 1, nos. 30012, 30047; PSZ 2, vol. 32, section 1, no. 31495.

66. Migulin, Russkii gosudarstvennyi kredit, vol. 3, pt. 5 (Khar’kov, 1907), p. 1148.

67. Statisticheskii vremennik Rossiiskoi imperii, p. 45.

68. Nifontov, “Vneshniaia torgovlia Rossii vo vremia Vostochnoi voiny,” pp. 71–77; L.S. Semenov, Rossiia i angliia: Ekonomicheskie otnosheniia v seredine XIX veka (Leningrad, 1975), pp. 137–40.

69. V.N. Ponomarev, Krymskaia voina i russko-amerikanskie otnosheniia (Moscow, 1993), pp. 98–107, 114, 115.

70. PSZ 2, vol. 30, section 1, no. 28953.

71. Ibid., vol. 29, section 1, no. 27934.

72. Ibid., no. 28530.

73. Ibid., vol. 30, section 1, no. 29819.

74. Ibid., no. 29979.

75. Ibid., vol. 29, section 1, nos. 28116, 28146, 28349, 28362.

76. Nifontov, “Vneshniaia torgovlia Rossii vo vremia Vostochnoi voiny,” pp. 72, 73, 79, 85.

77. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike, tables, pp. 72, 74, 86.

78. Nifontov, “Vneshniaia torgovlia Rossii vo vremia Vostochnoi voiny,” pp. 73, 88.

79. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike, tables, pp. 87–102.

80. Nifontov, “Vneshniaia torgovlia Rossii vo vremia Vostochnoi voiny,” p 89.

81. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike, tables, pp. 117, 141, 181, 184, 211.

82. PSZ 2, vol. 31, section 1, nos. 30332, 30343.

83. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike, tables, pp. 72, 74, 86.

84. Semenov, Rossiia i angliia, pp. 153, 154.

85. PSZ 2, vol. 31, section 1, no. 30546.

86. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike, tables, pp. 117, 141, 211.

87. F.K. Zatler, opisanie rasporiazhenii po snabzheniiu Krymskoi armii v voinu s 1854–1856 god prodovol’stvennymi i ognestrel’nymi pripasami i suda nad intendantstvom (Leipzig, 1876), pp. 316, 317; Istoricheskii ocherk deiatel’nosti Voennogo upravleniia, p. 218, Appendix 31; K.I. Kamenev, Istoricheskoe opisanie okhtenskogo porokhovogo zaboda: Period vtoroi (1816–1890 gg.) (St. Petersburg, 1894), pp. 252, 253.

88. Iu. Azancheev, ocherk deiatel’nosti kazennykh gornykh zavodov po izgotovleniiu predmetov vooruzheniia za 200-letie sushchestvovaniia Gornogo vedomstva (St. Petersburg, 1900), pp. 11, 13; Druzhinina, Iuzhnaia ukraina v period krizisa feodalizma, pp. 203, 204.

89. Istoricheskii ocherk deiatel’nosti Voennogo upravleniia, p. 199; V.A. Liapin, “Vklad ural’skoi kazennoi promyshlennosti v voennoe proizvodstvo Rossii v pervoi polovine XIX v.,” in Razvitie promyshlennosti i rabochego klassa gornozavodskogo urala v dosovetskii period (Sverdlovsk, 1982), pp. 103, 104.

90. A.I. Skinder, “Gornozavodskoe delo v Rossii,” in F.A. Brokgauz and I.A. Efron, Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’ (St. Petersburg, 1893), vol. 9, p. 261: Azancheev, ocherk deiatel’nosti kazennykh gornykh zavodov, pp. 14, 15.

91. Istoricheskii ocherk deiatel’nosti Voennogo upravleniia, Appendix 30.

92. Ibid., p. 215, Appendix 28.

93. P. Mordovin, “Russkoe voennoe sudostroenie v techenie poslednikh 25 let: 1855–1880 gg.,” morskoi sbornik, vol. 185, no. 7 (1881), pp. 102–6; L.G. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia i flot v XIX veke: Voenno-ekonomicheskii potentsial Rossii (Moscow, 1973), pp. 496–98.

94. V.P. Bezobrazov, Narodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii (St. Petersburg, 1882), vol. 1, p. 302; M.I. Tugan-Baranovskii, Russkaia fabrika v proshlom i nastoiashchem: Istoriko-ekonomicheskoe issledovanie (St. Petersburg, 1900), p. 77; P.A. Khromov, Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX–XX vekakh (Moscow, 1950), p. 438; A.F. Iakovlev, Ekonomicheskie krizisy v Rossii (Moscow, 1955), p. 64; L.E. Shepelev, aktsionernye kompanii v Rossii (Leningrad, 1973), p. 63; Nifontov, “Khoziaistvennaia kon”iunktura v Rossii,” pp. 47, 51.

95. Shepelev, aktsionernye kompanii v Rossii, pp. 69–78.

96. Iakovlev, Ekonomicheskie krizisy v Rossii, p. 62.

97. Bezobrazov, o nekotorykh iavleniiakh denezhnogo obrashcheniia, pp. 20–21.

98. Bezobrazov, Narodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii, p. 302; Tugan-Baranovskii, Russkaia fabrika, p. 77; Iakovlev, Ekonomicheskie krizisy v Rossii, p. 64; S.G. Strumilin, ocherki ekonomicheskoi istorii Rossii (Moscow, 1960), p. 426; Shepelev, aktsionernye kompanii v Rossii, pp. 63, 66; Lizunov, Sankt-Peterburgskaia birzha, pp. 115–20.

99. Iakovlev, Ekonomicheskie krizisy v Rossii, p. 64.

100. Pokrovskii, Sbornik svedenii po istorii i statistike, p. 378; tables, pp. 117, 141; Iakovlev, Ekonomicheskie krizisy v Rossii, pp. 69–80; L.A. Mendel’son, Teoriia i istoriia ekonomicheskikh krizisov i tsiklov (Moscow, 1959), vol. 1, pp. 570–74; Strumilin, ocherki ekonomicheskoi istorii Rossii, pp. 426, 476–83; Shepelev, aktsionernye kompanii v Rossii, p. 66; Nifontov, “Khoziaistvennaia kon”iunktura v Rossii,” p. 45; Lizunov, Sankt-Peterburgskaia birzha, pp. 120–25.

101. A.F. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatorov (Moscow, 2002), pp. 234, 235.

102. Sud’by Rossii, p. 114.