Dimensions of test anxiety: Relations to ways of coping with pre-exam anxiety and uncertainty

Abstract

Cumulative evidence has shown that four dimensions can be differentiated in the experience of test anxiety: worry, emotionality, interference, and lack of confidence. To investigate whether these dimensions show specific relationships with ways of coping, a study with 162 students (75 male, 87 female) examined how students cope with anxiety and uncertainty in the run-up to important exams. Coping strategies included task-orientation and preparation, seeking social support, and avoidance. Results showed that overall test anxiety was related to seeking social support. When dimensions of test anxiety were inspected individually while controlling for interdimensional overlap, however, results showed a specific pattern of relationships: (a) worry was related to task-orientation and preparation and inversely related to cognitive avoidance, (b) emotionality was related to task-orientation and preparation and seeking social support, and (c) interference was related to avoidance and inversely related to task-orientation and preparation, whereas (d) lack of confidence was related to avoidance only. Although some gender differences emerged, the findings indicate that the main components of test anxiety display different relationships with coping. Moreover, they confirm that it is important to differentiate between worry and interference because these dimensions, albeit closely related, may show opposite relationships with ways of coping.

Keywords:

• Test anxiety
• Coping
• Worry
• Emotionality
• Social support
• Avoidance

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Claudia Dalbert and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions on earlier versions of the present article.

Notes

When canonical correlations were computed, the pattern of results was exactly the same as that of the partial correlations.