Lexical indicators of anxiety in schizophrenia

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives

Anxiety is a dominant emotion in schizophrenia. It is most often diagnosed by questionnaire-based methods. In this study, it was decided to analyse the utterances of patients with schizophrenia for the occurrence of lexical indicators of anxiety, which are a good predictor of experienced anxiety and lie beyond the subject’s control.

Design

The indicators most frequently described in the literature and considered to be of the most significant diagnostic value were selected: first-person pronouns and verbs; causal expressions and conjunctions; affirmative and negative particles; and dogmatic expressions. It was assumed that more of these would appear in the utterances of people with schizophrenia than in the utterances of healthy subjects.

Methods

The study was conducted on 130 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 130 healthy subjects. They were asked to describe five pictures.

Results

In all verbal indicators of anxiety (except for negative particles) patients with positive schizophrenia attained the highest values, differing significantly from the results for the control groups.

Conclusion

This result is consistent with the subject literature, which emphasizes the high level of anxiety in schizophrenia, especially in its first phase, when the generative symptoms of the illness predominate.

KEYWORDS:

• Paranoid schizophrenia
• anxiety
• lexical indicators of anxiety
• qualitative analysis

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 Some words were assigned to more than one dimension.

2 Results for this indicator in a different theoretical context are published in: Obrębska (2013a, p. 2013)

3 Results for this indicator in a different theoretical context are published in: Obrębska (2013b) and Obrębska and Nowak (2011).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education under Grant number N N106 039734.