Effects of Channel Catfish Farming on Water Quality and Flow in an Alabama Stream

Abstract

Big Prairie Creek, Hale County, Alabama, receives overflow and draining effluent from about 5,000 ha of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, ponds. Tributary streams receiving effluent directly from ponds were higher in concentrations of suspended solids, turbidity, nutrients, and biochemical oxygen demand than Big Prairie Creek, and these variables increased from upstream to downstream stations in Big Prairie Creek. Nevertheless, water quality in Big Prairie Creek was good at the last downstream station, and concentrations of variables did not exceed water quality criteria required by the stream classification system. Six reference streams in the same eco-region as Big Prairie Creek, but without channel catfish farms on their watersheds, had concentrations of most water quality variables similar to those found in the downstream reaches of Big Prairie Creek. Findings suggest that channel catfish farming has not had a great impact on water quality in Big Prairie Creek. Although catfish farms occupy 7.5% of the area of the Big Prairie Creek watershed, stream flow has not decreased as a result of impoundment of runoff by ponds. Use of best management practices (BMPs) to reduce the volume and improve the quality of pond overflow and draining effluents should be adequate to prevent negative downstream water quality impacts in catfish farming areas of Alabama.

¹ This work was previously printed as an unrefereed Special Report of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station to the Alabama Catfish Producers, Montgomery, Alabama, who funded the effort.

Keywords:

• channel catfish
• aquaculture and environment
• stream water quality
• pond effluents
• water pollution by aquaculture

Notes

¹ This work was previously printed as an unrefereed Special Report of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station to the Alabama Catfish Producers, Montgomery, Alabama, who funded the effort.

* Means indicated by the same letter did not differ at the 0.05 probability level as determined by Tukey's Test.

* Data obtained from annual reports of the former Southeast Agricultural Weather Service Center, Auburn, Alabama.

* Data taken from the website of the U.S. Geological Survey http://www.usgs.gov.

* Data for 1941–1951 were taken from the website for the United States Geological Survey http://www.usgs.gov.

* P ≤ 0.05.

** P ≤ 0.01.

* Duncan Creek (C-10) and Chaney Creek (C-11) are contained in this hydrologic unit.

** Kendrick Creek (C-15) is part of this hydrologic unit.

* P ≤ 0.05.

** P ≤ 0.01.

* Data for chloride (Tavares and Boyd, 2003) and copper (McNevin and Boyd, 2004) are for pond surface water. All other data are for storm overflow (Boyd et al., 2000).