Nitrification in Drinking Water Systems

Abstract

Nitrification is increasingly a concern in United States potable water distribution systems. This paper reviews research on nitrification as it relates to the ammonia levels and unique environments present in potable water distribution systems. Factors affecting nitrification occurrence, nitrification impacts on water quality and corrosion, and nitrification monitoring and control methods are emphasized. The potential role of nitrogen cycling via coupled microbial and electrochemical reactions is also described.

Keywords:

• nitrifying bacteria
• water distribution systems
• Nitrosomonas
• AOB
• NOB
• nitrification control
• chloramines

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant number DMI-0329474, American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). Matching funds were also provided by the Copper Development Association (CDA). The opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of AWWARF, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or the CDA.

Notes

∗ Guo et al. (2002), Larson et al. (1956), Pugh et al. (1966), and Sundberg et al. (2003).