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Notes
1 The classic text here is CitationGilles Kepel, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt (London: Al Saqi Books, 1985).
2 Bjørn Olav Utvik, Independence and Development in the Name of God: The Economic Discourse of Egypt's Islamist Opposition 1984–90 (Oslo: University of Oslo Press, 2000), p. 98.
3 Misr lil-thaqafa wal-hiwar [Egypt for culture and dialogue] (2000), brochure published by the society.
4 In 1996, 5 percent of the signatories were women; in 1998 the percentage had increased to 21. Rafıq Habib, Awraq Hizb al-wasat, [The papers of the Center Party] (Cairo: n.p., 1996), pp. 118–123; and Salah CitationAbd al-Karim, Awraq Hizb al-wasat al-misri [The papers of the Egyptian Center Party] (Cairo: n.p., 1998), pp. 81–87.
5 Interview with Abu al-Ila Madi, Cairo, March 1999. Cf. CitationTal‘at Rumayh, Al-wasat wal-ikhwan [The Center and the Brothers] (Cairo: Markaz Yafa lil-dirasat wal-abhath, 1997), pp. 68ff.; and a slightly different version in CitationJoshua Stacher, Moderate Political Islamism as a Possible New Social Movement: The Case of Egypt's Wasat (Center) Party (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 2001), pp. 80ff.
6 Rumayh, Al-wasat wal-ikhwan, pp. 79–90.
7 Rumayh, Al-wasat wal-ikhwan, pp. 93ff. Cf. Stacher, Moderate Political Islamism, pp. 107–108.
8 Rumayh, op. cit., pp. 6–7.
9 These formations emerged out of the ‘religious societies’ (jama'at diniyya), which were a part of the ‘cultural committees’ inside the local student unions at each university.
10 Today, Abu al-Futuh is a prominent member of the governing body of the Society of Muslim Brothers, the so-called Guidance Council (maktab al-irshad), and generally considered one of the most influential leaders of the Muslim Brothers.
11Author interview with Abu al-Ila Madi, Cairo, March 1999. Cf. Rumayh, Al-wasat, pp. 150–151.
12 Utvik, Independence, p. 94.
13 See, for instance, CitationDiaa Rashwan, ‘Islamists crash the party,’ Al-Ahram Weekly, 16–22 September 1999.
14 Citation BBC News , 29 September 2003, available at < http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3147598.stm>.
15 Rumayh, Al-wasat, p. 160.
16 Rumayh, Al-wasat, pp. 226ff.
17 Rumayh, Al-wasat, pp. 174–177. The concept of ahl al-dhimma refers to the protected, yet non-equal, status of recognized religious minorities prescribed in classical fiqh and practiced (albeit with great variations) in pre-modern Islamic states.
18 Rumayh, Al-wasat, pp. 166–168.
19 On the Labor Party, see CitationBjørn Olav Utvik, ‘Labor Party of Egypt,’ in: The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
20 For a broader discussion of this tendency see Raymond CitationWilliam Baker, ‘Invidious comparisons: realism, postmodern globalism, and centrist Islamic movements in Egypt,’ in: John L. Esposito (Ed.) Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism or Reform? (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997); cf. Stacher, Moderate Political Islamism, pp. 35–51.
21 Habib, Awraq, pp. 7–19.
22 Habib, Awraq, pp. 22–25ff. Cf. Abd al-Karim, Awraq, pp. 17–18.
23 Habib, Awraq, pp. 31–32.
24 Abd al-Karim, Awraq, pp. 19–21.
25 Author interview with Madi, Cairo, April 2001.
26 On Sorush's thought see CitationDaniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 202–213. On Kadivar see CitationFarzin Vahdat, ‘Post-revolutionary discourses of Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari and Mohsen Kadivar: reconciling the terms of mediated subjectivity. Part II: Mohsen Kadivar,’ Critique, no.17 (2000), pp. 135–157.
27 CitationThe Muslim Brothers, ‘Mujaz ‘an al-shura fi al-islam,’ al-Sha'b, 19 May 1994.
28 CitationThe Muslim Brothers, ‘Mujaz ‘an al-shura fi al-islam,’ al-Sha'b, 19 May 1994 For similar views expressed by Islamists, cf. CitationRashid al-Ghannushi, ‘The participation of Islamists in a non-Islamic government,’ in: Azzam Tamimi (Ed.) Power-sharing Islam? (London: Library for Muslim World Publications, 1993); and CitationIsam al-Iryan, ‘The future of power-sharing in Egypt,’ in ibid.
29 CitationHabib, Awraq, p. 25. It is noteworthy here that the loan word dimuqratiyya is being used instead of the ‘indigenous’ concept of shura. Cf. Abd al-Karim, Awraq, pp. 19–21.
30 ‘haythuma wujidat al-maslaha fa-thamma shar‘ allah.’ See CitationHamdi al-Basir, ‘Al-insan wal-minhaj al-islami fi al-tanmiya al-iqtisadiyya,’ al-Nur, 7 December 1988.
31 Habib, Awraq, pp. 27–28; cf. Abd al-Karim, Awraq, pp. 21–23.
32 The Muslim Brothers (Citation1994), ‘The role of Muslim women in an Islamic society,’ available at < http://www.jannah.org/sisters/ikhwom.html>.
33 Habib, Awraq, p. 57.
34 Habib, Awraq, pp. 58–59.
35 CitationUtvik, Independence, pp. 404ff.
36 Habib, Awraq, pp. 65–71.
37 See CitationThe Muslim Brothers, ‘Mubadarat al-murshid al-‘amm lil-ikhwan hawla al-mabadi’ al-‘amma lil-islah fi misr’ [The Initiative of the General Guide concerning the general principles for reform in Egypt], Ikhwan Online, 3 March 2004, available at < http://www.ikhwanonline.com/Article.asp?ID = 5172&SectionID = 356>. Cf. CitationHusam Tammam, ‘Hal yatabalwar khitab ikhwani jadid akthar tasaluhan wa-insijaman ma‘a al-dimuqratiya?’ [Is a new Ikhwani discourse crystallizing, one more conciliatory and compatible with democracy?], al-Qahira, 17 March 2004.