Does aerobic exercise benefit persons with tetraplegia from spinal cord injury? A systematic review

Abstract

Context

This review synthesizes the findings of previous research studies on the cardiovascular and metabolic benefits of aerobic exercise for individuals with tetraplegia secondary to spinal cord injury. They are often less active due to muscular paralysis, sensory loss, and sympathetic nervous system dysfunction that result from injury. Consequently, these persons are at higher risk for exercise intolerance and secondary health conditions.

Objective

To evaluate the evidence concerning efficacy of aerobic exercise training for improving health and exercise performance in persons with tetraplegia from cervical injury.

Methods

The search engines PubMed and Google Scholar were used to locate published research. The final 75 papers were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria. The studies were then rank-ordered using Physiotherapy Evidence Database.

Results

Studies combining individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia show that voluntary arm-crank training can increase mean peak power output by 33%. Functional electrical stimulation leg cycling was shown to induce higher peak cardiac output and stroke volume than arm-crank exercise. A range of peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) values have been reported (0.57–1.32 L/min). Both VO_2peak and cardiac output may be enhanced via increased muscle pump in the legs and venous return to the heart. Hybrid exercise (arm-crank and functional electrical stimulation leg cycling) can result in greater peak oxygen uptake and cardiovascular responses.

Conclusion

Evidence gathered from this systematic review of literature is inconclusive due to the lack of research focusing on those with tetraplegia. Higher power studies (level 1–3) are needed with the focus on those with tetraplegia.

Keywords:

• Tetraplegia
• Spinal cord injuries
• Rehabilitation
• Exercise therapy

Acknowledgements

This paper was adapted from a presentation by one of the authors at an Annual International Conference, Orlando, FL in November 2016.

Disclaimer statements

Conflicts of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Ethics approval. None.

Disclosures. None.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.