Sex differences in heart disease prevalence among individuals with spinal cord injury: A population-based study

Abstract

Context/Objective

The risk for cardiovascular disease is amplified following spinal cord injury, but whether risk differs between the sexes remains unknown. Here, we evaluated sex differences in the prevalence of heart disease among individuals with spinal cord injury, and compared sex differences with able-bodied individuals.

Design

The design was a cross-sectional study. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted, using inverse probability weighting to account for the sampling method and to adjust for confounders.

Setting

Canada.

Participants

Individuals who participated in the national Canadian Community Health Survey.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Outcome Measures

Self-reported heart disease.

Results

Among 354 individuals with spinal cord injury, the weighted prevalence of self-reported heart disease was 22.9% in males and 8.7% in females, with an inverse-probability weighted odds ratio of 3.44 (95% CI 1.70–6.95) for males versus females. Among 60,605 able-bodied individuals, the prevalence of self-reported heart disease was 5.8% in males and 4.0% in females, with an inverse probability weighted odds ratio of 1.62 (95% CI 1.50–1.75) for males versus females. The effect of male sex on increasing heart disease prevalence was about two times higher among individuals with spinal cord injury than able-bodied individuals (relative difference in inverse probability weighted odds ratios = 2.12, 95% CI 1.08–4.51).

Conclusion

Males with spinal cord injury exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of heart disease, compared with females with spinal cord injury. Moreover, relative to able-bodied individuals, spinal cord injury amplifies sex-related differences in heart disease. Overall, this work will inform targeted cardiovascular prevention strategies, and may also inform a better understanding of cardiovascular disease progression in both able-bodied and individuals with spinal cord injury.

Keywords:

• Heart disease
• Cardiovascular disease
• Spinal cord injury
• Spinal cord injured
• Sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA)

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). JC holds a Tier 2 Canada Research Chair (CRC) and a Michael Smith Health Research BC Scholar Award.