A comparative study on the influence of equipment design on the efficiency of dynamic maceration of Azadirachta excelsa leaves

Abstract

Dynamic maceration facilitates diffusion in solid-liquid extraction through controlling temperature and providing agitation. However, equipment design for dynamic maceration in previous investigations resulted in inadequate homogeneity of temperature and solid dispersion. A laboratory scale extractor was designed to aid the heat and mass transfer process while preventing solvent vaporization when performing dynamic maceration in a controlled environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of dynamic maceration using the laboratory scale extractor compared to a shaker incubator to extract triterpenoid saponins from Azadirachta excelsa leaves. The dynamic maceration of A. excelsa leaves was optimized using a Face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) with response surface methodology (RSM). Independent variables analyzed include ethanol-to-chloroform ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, and sample-to-solvent ratio, while responses include yield of extract and triterpenoid saponins content (TSC). Optimum conditions were ethanol-to-chloroform ratio of 90:10, extraction temperature of 45 °C, extraction time of 60 minutes, and sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:50 g/ml. There was a significant percentage of increase in yield of extract and TSC by 41.1% and 13.3%, respectively, for the laboratory scale extractor compared to the shaker incubator. This study showed the importance of equipment design in enhancing triterpenoid saponins extraction through elevating the efficiency of the dynamic maceration process.

Keywords:

• Azadirachta excelsa
• dynamic maceration
• equipment design
• response surface methodology
• triterpenoid saponins extraction

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Azila Abdul-Aziz, upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme [FRGS/1/2020/STG04/KATS//1 and UTM’s R.K130000.7843.5F516] provided by the government of Malaysia.