Isolation, characterization, and quantification of curcuminoids and their comparative effects in cerebral ischemia

ABSTRACT

The study reports a rapid and short analytical technique for separation, characterization, and quantitation along with comparative pharmacological effect of curcuminoids in cerebral ischemia. Flash chromatography, using silica and diol columns along with gradient mobile phase, was utilized to separate three curcuminoids, i.e., curcumin (Cur), demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) for the first time. The separated peaks were monitored at 200–360 nm, whereas the purity of compounds (96.2–97.6%) was determined through qualitative analysis such as infrared and ¹H and ¹³C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) for curcuminoids were prepared and characterized through zeta sizer, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The developed ultra performance of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) method showed simplified automation and shorter run time for Combi flash over conventional separation techniques. The CS-NPs for all the three curcuminoids and combined-curcuminoids (CCr) (combined and administered together for a synergistic effect), following intranasal administration in middle cerebral artery–occluded rats were evaluated for grip strength, locomotor activity, and histopathological examination where the anti-ischemic activity was observed, in terms of potency, for all three CS-NPs and CCr as CCr>Cur>DMC>>BDMC. Cur-CS-NPs exhibited more potency among Cur, DMC, and BDMC, whereas CCr was the more potent anti-ischemic drug compared to Cur, DMC, and BDMC. For Cur the characteristic activity is proposed because of the presence of methoxy group on the phenyl ring whereas for CCr it is synergistic effect of curcuminoids.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Bisdemethoxycurcumin
• characterization
• chitosan nanoparticles
• curcumin
• demethoxycurcumin
• flash chromatography
• isolation
• quantification
• UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS

Acknowledgments

I (Dr. Niyaz Ahmad) am grateful to Professor (Dr.) Farhan Jalees Ahmad for the collaboration research study between University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia and Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India.

Animal study

Experiments were conducted in accordance with Hamdard Institutional Ethics Committee (JH/FP/0847/2012). Approval for the animal study was given by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee.