Diplomacy’s Seamless Web

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Notes

1. Adam Watson, Diplomacy: The Dialogue between States (London: Routledge, 1991), The Limits of Independence: Relations between States in the Modern World (London: Routledge,1997), and The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis (London: Routledge, 1992), 2–8. Harold Nicolson, Diplomacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), and The Evolution of Diplomacy, 2^nd ed. (New York: Collier, 1966). Ernest Satow, A Guide to Diplomatic Practice (1917), 2 vols., 5^th ed. (Boston: Addison-Wesley, 1979).

2. Cf. Christer Jönsson and Martin Hall, “Communication: An Essential Aspect of Diplomacy,” International Studies Perspective 4 (2003): 195–210.

3. Abraham de Wicquefort, The Embassador and His Functions, trans. John Digby (1716). A facsimile edition was published by the Center for the Study of Diplomacy (Leicester, 1997), with an introduction by Maurice Keens-Soper. Cf. Charles Howard Carter, “Wicquefort on the Ambassador and His Functions,” in Diplomatic Thought, 1648–1815, Studies in History and Politics, ed. Karl. W. Schweizer (Sherbrooke: Edwin Mellen Press, 1982), vol. 2, 37–59; Antoine Pequet, Discours sur l’art de Négocier (Paris, 1737); Karl W. Schweizer and Maurice Keens-Soper, eds., The Art of Diplomacy (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994); Cf. Karl W. Schweizer, François de Callières: Diplomat and Man of Letters, 1645–1717 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1995).

4. See, inter alia, Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954–1985): The Rediscovery of History (Milan: Unicopli, 2005); Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (Oxford: Macmillan, 1998); R. Little, “The English School’s Contribution to the Study of International Relations,” European Journal of International Relations 6.3 (2000): 395–422.

5. Eric Patterson, ed., The Christian Realists (Oxford: University Press of America, 2003), esp. chaps. 4 and 5; Alberto Coll, The Wisdom of Statecraft: Sir Herbert Butterfield and the Philosophy of International Politics (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1985).

6. R. J. Fisher, Interactive Conflict Resolution (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1997); John De Bercovitch, ed., Studies in International Mediation (London: Palgrave/McMillan, 2002).

7. Karl W. Schweizer, “The Narrowing of Options: The Transformation of Strategic into Tactical Diplomacy in Europe after World War I,” Reports of the 16^th International Congress of the Historical Sciences (Stuttgart: World Congress of History, 1985), 536–39.

8. Herbert Butterfield, The Study of Modern History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944), 28–29; Karl W. Schweizer, “A Case for Diplomatic History: Reflections from the Butterfield Archives,” Archives 30 (2005): 66–74.

9. A point emphasized many years ago by the historian Gordon Craig in “On the Nature of Diplomatic History: The Relevance of Some Old Books,” in Diplomacy, New Approaches in History, Theory and Policy, ed. Paul Gordon Lauren (New York: Macmillan, 1979), 21–42.

10. Cf. John Stone, Military Strategy: The Politics and Technique of War (London: Continuum, 2011), 1–18; Edward Luttwak, Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987), chaps. 1 and 2.

11. Barry Buzan, From International to World Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 212–75; Susan Strange, States and Markets (London: Pinter Publishers, 1994), esp. chaps. 2–4; Edward Newman, A Crisis of Global Institutions: Multilateralsim and International Society (London: Routledge, 2007); Daphne Josselin and William Wallace, eds., Non-State Actors in World Politics (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2001); Geoffrey Pigman, The World Economic Forum: A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Global Governance (London: Routledge, 2006); Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

12. Buzan, From International to World Society, 228–56; James Der Derian, On Diplomacy: A Genealogy of Western Estrangement (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), 3–24, 102–17, 116–33.

13. From this perspective, diplomacy alas has not escaped the lure of “technology”—the self-justifying, self-perpetuating system whereby technology of every kind is readily permitted, sovereignty over human institutions but not always within the context of ethical/moral awareness. See Neil Postman, Technology: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (New York: Vintage Books, 1992).

14. Cf. Karl W. Schweizer and Paul Sharp, eds., The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield (London: Macmillan, 2007), esp. pts. 3 and 4; G. R. Berridge, et al., Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (London: Palgrave, 2001).

15. John Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); Jade Miller, “Soft Power and State-Firm Diplomacy,” International Studies Perspectives 10.3 (2009): 285–302; Brian Hocking, “Catalytic Diplomacy,” in Innovations in Diplomatic Practice, ed. Jan Melissen (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 1999), 21–42.

16. Cf. Maurice Keens-Soper, “The Liberal Disposition of Diplomacy,” International Relations 2 (1972): 908ff.; Nicolson, 72ff.; Lester Pearson, Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1959), 7–24; Schweizer and Sharp, The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield, 230–39; Keith Hamilton and Richard Langhorne, The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (London: Routledge, 2011), chap. 8.

17. Donna Lee, “The Growing Influence of Business in U.K. Diplomacy,” International Studies Perspectives 5.1 (2004): 50–55.

18. Cf. Strange, States and Markets, and The Retreat of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

19. Schweizer and Sharp, The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield, passim; G. R. Berridge, et al., Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (London: Palgrave, 2001), esp. chaps. 4, 6, 9; Karl W. Schweizer, “Diplomacy,” in Oxford Dictionary of the Enlightenment, ed. Alan Kors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 360–65.

20. Callières, The Art of Diplomacy, passim.

21. Cf. Jan Melissen, ed., Soft Power (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Randal Marlin, Propaganda and the Ethics of Persuasion (Toronto: Broadview Press, 2002); Jovan Kurbalija, “Diplomacy in the Age of Informative Technology,” in Innovation in Diplomatic Practice, ed. Jan Melissen (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1999), 171–91.

22. Notably relevant here is Callières, who in his classic treatise The Art of Diplomacy published in 1716, reminds readers that “honesty is the only sound policy. Whatever its spectacular achievements in the short run, the opportunism of deceit and double-dealing will catch up with and eventually imprison and isolate those who practice lies” (34).

23. Schweizer and Sharp, The International Thought of Herbert Butterfield, chap. 21; Adam Watson, The Limits of Independence (London: Routledge, 1997), 49–53; Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International Systems in World History: Remaking the Study of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

24. For some suggestive elaborations, see Donna Lee and David Hudson, “The Old and New Significance of Political Economy in Diplomacy,” Review of International Studies, 30.3 (June 2004): 343–60; Andrew Walter, World Power and World Money (New York: Palgrave, 1991); Daphne Josselin and William Wallace, eds., Non State Actors in World Politics (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2001), 150–68.

25. Callières, The Art of Diplomacy, passim.

26. Edward Luck, U.N. Security Council: Practice and Promise (London: Routledge, 2006); Newman, A Crisis of Global Institutions (Abingdon: Routledge, 2007).