Females and Minority Racial/Ethnic Groups Remain Underrepresented in Emergency Medical Services: A Ten-Year Assessment, 2008–2017

Abstract

Background: Workforce diversity can reduce communication barriers and inequalities in healthcare delivery, especially in settings where time pressure and incomplete information may exacerbate the effects of implicit biases. Emergency medical services (EMS) professionals represent a critical entry point into the healthcare system for diverse populations, yet little is known regarding changes in the demographic composition of this workforce. Our primary objective was to describe the gender and racial/ethnic composition of emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics who earned initial National EMS Certification from 2008 to 2017. Secondarily, we compared demographic characteristics of the 2017 EMT and paramedic cohorts to the U.S. population. Methods: As a proxy for recent graduates likely to enter the workforce, we conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis of all EMTs and paramedics earning initial National EMS Certification from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2017. Cuzick’s non-parametric test of trend was used to assess for changes in the gender and racial/ethnic composition of the EMS cohorts over time. For 2017, we calculated differences the gender and racial/ethnic composition of the EMT and paramedic cohorts to the U.S population, stratifying by Census region. Results: The study population included 588,337 EMTs and 105,356 paramedics. The proportion of females earning initial EMT certification rose from 28% in 2008 to 35% in 2017. Throughout the study period, less than one-fourth of newly certified paramedics were female (range: 20–23%). The proportion of EMS professionals identifying as black remained near 5% among EMTs and 3% among paramedics. The proportion of newly-certified Hispanic EMS professionals rose from 10% to 13% among EMTs and from 6% to 10% among paramedics. Compared to the U.S. population, females and racial/ethnic minorities were underrepresented among EMTs and paramedics earning initial certification and these representation differences varied across geographic regions. Conclusions: The underrepresentation of females and minority racial/ethnic groups observed during this 10-year investigation of EMTs and paramedics earning initial certification suggests that EMS workforce diversity is unlikely to undergo substantial change in the near future. The representation gaps were larger and more stable among paramedics compared to EMTs and suggest an area where concerted efforts are needed to encourage students of diverse backgrounds to pursue EMS.

Keywords:

• emergency medical services; diversity; health equity; emergency medical technician; paramedic

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Remle P. Crowe

R.P. Crowe was responsible for the study conceptualization and design, literature review, data analysis, and manuscript development. W. Krebs was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. R.E. Cash was responsible for the data analysis and manuscript development. M.K. Rivard was responsible for the manuscript development. E.W. Lincoln was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. A.R. Panchal was responsible for the manuscript development. All authors have made significant contributions to this study and have approved the final version of this manuscript.

William Krebs

R.P. Crowe was responsible for the study conceptualization and design, literature review, data analysis, and manuscript development. W. Krebs was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. R.E. Cash was responsible for the data analysis and manuscript development. M.K. Rivard was responsible for the manuscript development. E.W. Lincoln was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. A.R. Panchal was responsible for the manuscript development. All authors have made significant contributions to this study and have approved the final version of this manuscript.

Rebecca E. Cash

R.P. Crowe was responsible for the study conceptualization and design, literature review, data analysis, and manuscript development. W. Krebs was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. R.E. Cash was responsible for the data analysis and manuscript development. M.K. Rivard was responsible for the manuscript development. E.W. Lincoln was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. A.R. Panchal was responsible for the manuscript development. All authors have made significant contributions to this study and have approved the final version of this manuscript.

Madison K. Rivard

R.P. Crowe was responsible for the study conceptualization and design, literature review, data analysis, and manuscript development. W. Krebs was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. R.E. Cash was responsible for the data analysis and manuscript development. M.K. Rivard was responsible for the manuscript development. E.W. Lincoln was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. A.R. Panchal was responsible for the manuscript development. All authors have made significant contributions to this study and have approved the final version of this manuscript.

Erin W. Lincoln

R.P. Crowe was responsible for the study conceptualization and design, literature review, data analysis, and manuscript development. W. Krebs was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. R.E. Cash was responsible for the data analysis and manuscript development. M.K. Rivard was responsible for the manuscript development. E.W. Lincoln was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. A.R. Panchal was responsible for the manuscript development. All authors have made significant contributions to this study and have approved the final version of this manuscript.

Ashish R. Panchal

R.P. Crowe was responsible for the study conceptualization and design, literature review, data analysis, and manuscript development. W. Krebs was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. R.E. Cash was responsible for the data analysis and manuscript development. M.K. Rivard was responsible for the manuscript development. E.W. Lincoln was responsible for the literature review and manuscript development. A.R. Panchal was responsible for the manuscript development. All authors have made significant contributions to this study and have approved the final version of this manuscript.