Filtration rate, assimilation and assimilation efficiency in Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) fed with Tetraselmis suecica under cadmium exposure

Abstract

Crassostrea virginica is an epibentic filter-feeding bivalve of economical importance in coastal lagoons of the Gulf of Mexico, locations with increasing inputs of heavy metals such as cadmium that have become environmental stressors. In this study, feeding and assimilation of the species were evaluated as physiological indicators of cadmium exposure. For this purpose, the filtration rate (FR), food assimilation (A) and assimilation efficiency (AE) of oysters from the Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz, México, were examined under sublethal and environmentally realistic cadmium concentrations (95 and 170 μ gCd L⁻¹). Semi-static, 12-day bioassays were conducted with organisms placed into individual chambers and fed daily with Tetraselmis suecica. FR was calculated by measuring the depletion in algal density. Caloric contents of food and feces produced were also obtained. Condition Index (CI) and morphometric parameters were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the assay. Total cadmium concentrations were quantified in water and tissue, and the metal bioconcentration factor (BCF) was calculated. Cadmium exposure significantly reduced FR in oysters (mean value: 0.64 L h⁻¹ and 0.44 L h⁻¹) from control values (1.17 L h⁻¹). Extreme values among results demonstrate the existence of a high FR (over 4 L h⁻¹) mainly in control oysters, and this was associated with a better physiological condition; a low FR (under 2.5 L h⁻¹) indicated metabolic stress as a consequence of Cd exposure. A and AE were significantly modified due to cadmium external levels, and time of exposure. FR and A were linearly related, and both decreased as metal BCF increased. Cadmium bioaccumulation was linearly related with external metal levels. The physiological deterioration of native C. virginica from Mandinga Lagoon was reflected in the alteration of FR, A and AE due to cadmium exposure in concentrations considered sublethal, lowering the feeding and assimilation capability of the organisms. The weight loss and mortality recorded in the oysters exposed to the highest metal concentration, was the final consequence of the overall adverse effect of cadmium exposure.

Keywords:

• Cadmium
• filtration rate
• assimilation
• assimilation efficiency
• bioconcentration factor
• Crassostrea virginica

Acknowledgments

This research work was supported by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) under the project “Toxicity of chromium and cadmium in the Crassostrea virginica oyster from Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz” (0636P-T). We thank Concepción Gutierrez and Patricia Ramirez for the critical review of the manuscript and their important contributions.

Notes

* Statistical differences among control and exposed organisms.

** Statistical differences within the days evaluated.

† Non-calculated due mortality.

*Statistical differences among control and 170 μ gCd L⁻¹ exposed organisms.