Determination of Metals Based on Electrochemical Biosensors

Abstract

The authors summarize the different applications of electrochemical biosensors in the determination of numerous pollutant metal ions. For this purpose, enzymes, peptides, DNA, and whole cells have been used as biological components. The role of various factors affecting the analytical characteristics of biosensors, including immobilization procedures and electroanalytical techniques used, is discussed. The selectivity of biosensors towards metal ions, and their operational characteristics, is also considered. Trace level detection limits for Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, AsO₃ ³⁻, Mn²⁺, and CrO₄ ²⁻ are reported.