Chemometric expertise of the quality of groundwater sources for domestic use

Abstract

In the present study 49 representative sites have been selected for the collection of water samples from central water supplies with different geographical locations in the region of Kavala, Northern Greece. Ten physicochemical parameters (pH, electric conductivity, nitrate, chloride, sodium, potassium, total alkalinity, total hardness, bicarbonate and calcium) were analyzed monthly, in the period from January 2010 to December 2010. Chemometric methods were used for monitoring data mining and interpretation (cluster analysis, principal components analysis and source apportioning by principal components regression). The clustering of the chemical indicators delivers two major clusters related to the water hardness and the mineral components (impacted by sea, bedrock and acidity factors). The sampling locations are separated into three major clusters corresponding to the spatial distribution of the sites – coastal, lowland and semi-mountainous. The principal components analysis reveals two latent factors responsible for the data structures, which are also an indication for the sources determining the groundwater quality of the region (conditionally named “mineral” factor and “water hardness” factor). By the apportionment approach it is shown what the contribution is of each of the identified sources to the formation of the total concentration of each one of the chemical parameters. The mean values of the studied physicochemical parameters were found to be within the limits given in the 98/83/EC Directive. The water samples are appropriate for human consumption. The results of this study provide an overview of the hydrogeological profile of water supply system for the studied area.

Keywords:

• Cluster analysis
• groundwater quality
• Northern Greece
• principal components analysis
• principal components regression

Funding

This research program was completely financed by the Municipal Authorities of the cities of Chrisoupoli, Keramoti, Eleftheres, Paggaio and Orfanou and the funds were appropriately managed by the Research Committee of TEI of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in Kavala, Greece. Antoaneta Ene acknowledges the financial support of Lifelong Learning Programme Erasmus (2010–2014) at “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania.