A systematic review of the water treatment sludge toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic biota: state of the art and management challenges

Abstract

Safe drinking water’ supply is an essential service and depends directly on the water treatment that produces water treatment sludge (WTS) as a product, whose final destination varies and remains a challenge. The ecotoxicity assessment of the WTS address the ecological implications of the WTS disposal but these information is still scarce in the literature. In this sense, we did a systematic review of the ecotoxicological studies on WTS using databases from six platforms. From the 785 papers recovered; 16 studies were eligible and showed the ecotoxicity assays’ applicability to evaluate the WTS. We discussed WTS ecotoxicity considering sample characterization; terrestrial and aquatic toxicity assays; and WTS challenges. WTS proved to be a highly heterogeneous matrix composed mainly of coagulant precipitates, including Al and Fe. Studies lack consensus concerning the most representative/sensitive species for evaluating WTS’ toxicity. Crustaceans were the most studied aquatic group, although algae species were more sensitive. Besides, soil ecotoxicity assessed only plant growth, and a single study used the earthworm. Even papers used bioassays to indicate the recycling WTS’ feasibility, there is a lack of specific legislation regarding the WTS reuse. Furthermore, are necessary a regulation for WTS management that involves an ecological risk assessment.

Keywords:

• Drinking water
• bioassays
• sludge ecotoxicity
• water residue ecotoxicity
• ecotoxicology
• waste management

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the contributions and advice from our Ph.D. and postdoc supervisors.

Authors’ contribution

A. C. B., B. L. S. F., G. B. C., J. P. M., L. F. T., M. R. L. S., M. C. F., and A. P. O.: Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing—Original Draft, Reviewing and Editing; A. C. B. and A. P. O.: Conceptualization and Supervision.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.