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Abstract
Unidirectional freezing of cupric hydroxides sludge was conducted to investigate the freezing speed effects on the sludge performance, including filterability, zone settling, and floc density versus size relationship. With a high freezing speed, no global particle migration takes place. The sludge filterability is largely improved, however, the floc morphology (whence the settleability) are little influenced. With a low freezing speed, nevertheless, global particle migration occurs. The sludge filterability and settleability are both markedly improved. The floc morphology changes as well. The critical freezing speed that required for sufficient sludge performance improvement is suggested.