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Abstract
Cement plants are responsible for particle and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere. With respect to particle emission, the greater part of is in the range from 0.05 to 5.0 µm in diameter. In the last years attention was paid to submicron particles, but there is a lack of available data on the emission from stationary sources. In this paper, concentration and size distribution of particles emitted from four cement kilns, in relationship to operational conditions (especially the use of alternative fuel to coal) of the clinker process are reported. Experimental campaigns were carried out by measuring particles concentration and size distribution at the stack of four cement plants through condensation particle counter (CPC) and scanning mobility particle sizer spectrometer (SMPS). Average total particle number concentrations were between 2000 and 4000 particles/cm3, about 8–10 times lower that those found in the corresponding surrounding areas. As for size distribution, for all the investigated plants it is stable with a unimodal distribution (120–150 nm), independent from the fuel used.
Implications: The study provides information on submicron particles emitted from cement kilns in different driving conditions. In particular, the total particle number is modest and considerably lower than that measured in ambient air, whereas the particle size distribution could be influenced by the operational conditions.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mauro Rotatori
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Silvia Mosca
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Ettore Guerriero
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Antonio Febo
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Marco Giusto
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Mauro Montagnoli
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Massimo Bianchini
Mauro Rotatori and Antonio Febo are first researchers, Silvia Mosca and Ettore Guerriero are researchers, and Marco Giusto, Mauro Montagnoli, and Massimo Bianchini are technicians at CNR-IIA.
Renato Ferrero
Renato Ferrero is manager of Ecology, Environment & Safety at Buzzi Unicem SpA.
