Development of the typical driving cycle for buses in Hanoi, Vietnam

ABSTRACT

This paper develops a typical driving cycle for buses in Hanoi that does not require the deconstruction of the natural driving patterns. Real velocity–time data were collected along 15 routes in the inner city. The raw velocity–time series were preprocessed to remove errors, and smooth and denoise the data. These data, then, were tested for stationary behavior before being used in the construction of the driving cycle based on Markov chain theory. The 14 representative parameters of the driving cycle, including vehicle-specific power, which were extracted from 33 driving cycle parameters using the hierarchical agglomerative clustering method, were used to integrate the features of realistic driving patterns into the typical driving cycle. The conformity of the developed driving cycle with the real-world driving data was evaluated by the speed–acceleration frequency distribution (SAFD). A typical driving cycle for buses in Hanoi with a SAFD of 13.2% was developed. This is the first driving cycle developed for buses in Vietnam.

Implications: A typical driving cycle was developed for the first time for buses in Hanoi. With the deviation in speed-acceleration frequency distribution (SAFD) reaching to 13.2%, the developed driving cycle reflects well the overall real-world driving data in the city. This driving cycle, therefore, can be applied for the development of the country-specific emission factors and emission inventories for buses which are a very good tool as well as useful information for integrated air quality management in Hanoi.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank Mr. Emil Torp from Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköpings University, Sweden for his support in code developing of the driving cycle construction process.

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this paper can be accessed on the publisher's website.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Yen-Lien T. Nguyen

Yen-Lien T. Nguyen is a lecturer at the Faculty of Transport Safety and Environment, University of Transport and Communications, 3 Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Trung-Dung Nghiem

Trung-Dung Nghiem is an associate professor and dean of the School of Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Anh-Tuan Le

Anh-Tuan Le is a professor and dean of the School of Transportation Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Ngoc-Dung Bui

Ngoc-Dung Bui is a lecturer at the Faculty of Information Technology, University of Transport and Communications, 3 Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam.